1. Ch. 4 Climate: year to year average temperature & precipitation of a region

2. Weather Daily atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place

3. The Greenhouse Effect Sunlight enters Gases insulate (Ex. carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor) Heat is trapped Temperature can support life Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface

4. Effect of Latitude on Climate Latitude: distance of a point on the earth's surface north or south from equator Zones: Polar- cold; long angles of sun Temperate- seasonal; range from hot to cold Tropical- hot; direct sunlight Sunlight Most direct sunlight Sunlight 90°N North Pole 66.5°N 23.5°N 0° 23.5°S 66.5°S 90°S South Pole Arctic circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Arctic circle

5. Biotic factor: living things organisms interact with Abiotic factor: physical or non- living thing that affect organisms What Shapes an Ecosystem?

6. Community Interactions Competition: –organisms try to use a resource in same place at same time –Ex. water, food, light or space

7. Habitat: area where an organism lives Ex. Desert http://www.rvstogophx.com/images/arizona_desert_sm.jpg http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/snake/animalwild089-RattleSnake-FaceCloseup.jpg

8. Niche (occupation) –Where it lives (ex. Tree) –What it eats AND what eats it? –Its actions (Ex. hibernating, migrating, etc.)

9. Competitive Exclusion Principle No two species can occupy same niche in same habitat at same time Degree of Niche Space Overlap Defines Intensity of Competition

10. NO TWO SPECIES CAN SHARE THE SAME NICHE ! Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Spruce tree Section 4-2

11. Predation One organism feeding on another

12. Symbiosis Relationship where two species live closely together

13. Mutualism both species benefit Ant & Acacia Plant

14. Commensalism Good for me; doesn’t bother you! Hermit crab & snail shell

15. Parasitism One organism living on or in another Host is harmed by presence of parasite (Ex. loss of nutrients, disease, etc.) Lamprey on fish

16. Ecological Succession Succession: sequence of species replacement Pioneer species –First to live there –Small, fast-growing plants Climax Community- mature growth

17. Primary succession: occurs where plants have not grown before

18. Secondary succession: occurs in areas where there has been previous growth

19. Aquatic Ecosystems Determined primarily by depth, flow, temperature and chemistry of the water Aquatic ecosystems can be grouped into freshwater or marine (saltwater)

20. Freshwater Ecosystems Account for about 3% of aquatic ecosystems

21. Rivers, creeks & streams that flow over land masses Flowing Water Ecosystems Burlington Bristol Bridge over the Delaware River Burlington, NJ

22. Standing water ecosystems Include lakes and ponds Strawbridge Lake Moorestown, NJ

23. Phytoplankton- single celled algae; base of food web Zooplankton- animals that feed on phytoplankton

24. Freshwater Wetlands Water covers soil or is present at or near soil surface for at least part of the year Breeding area

25. Tropical Estuary: Mangroove Swamp

26. Swamps- marshes with trees & shrubs; flooded forests

27. 1)Bogs- sphagnum moss; very acidic

28. Estuary- mix of fresh & salt water 1.Detritus- tiny pieces of organic matter; base of food web 2.Spawning & nursery grounds

29. Marsh- shallow water along rivers; tall grass-like plants (Ex. Cattails)

30. Marine Ecosystems

31. Photic zone: ocean surface to about 200 meters where light can penetrate Aphotic zone: permanently dark

32. Tropical Coral Reefs Found in warm, shallow waters Biodiverse