1. RFID Technology Radio Frequency IDentification Technology Jennifer Landis, Michelle Cassinelli, Andrew Jones May 23, 2006

2. Overview RFID Introduction History of RFID Technology Current Uses Potential Uses Regulation and Standardization RFID Legislation Controversy

3. RFID Introduction Radio Frequency Identification – Automatic identification method – Stores and retrieves data using RFID tag – Uses radio frequency

4. History of RFID Discovery of radar (1935) First passive and active RFID systems developed and used during WWII RFID development - commercial uses (1950s and 1960s) Mario Cardullo received 1st U.S. patent for active RFID tag (1973)

5. RFID System Tag (Transponder) – Antenna, Microchip, and Distinct Product Code Reader (Interrogator) – Antenna, Transceiver, and Decoder Process 1. Reader detects signal, decodes data on tag’s chip 2. Data passes to host computer 3. Application software on computer processes data

6. Types of RFID Tags Passive Tag – No internal power source, can be very small, used on low-cost items Semi-Passive Tag – Small battery, tracking high-value goods Active Tag – Internal power source, transmitter, tracking high-value goods

7. Supply Chain Management Sears Holding Company –2005, Sears starts tracking appliances; 3,800 stores –Reduces incorrect placements of goods –Reduces need for operators Gillette Company –Tracks retail store stock with sales promotions –48% higher sales if product on the shelf before the promotion. (CPA Advisor)

8. More Uses for RFID Technology Ford and Texas Instruments – Teamed up on a vehicle immobilizer project for all 2005 model Fords – Reduced auto theft by as much as 90% (Bono) Robert Bosch Tool Corporation – Tools are embedded with RFID technology to prevent theft

9. Using RFID Tags for Tracking RFIDs are used to track Books from the Public Library Airline Baggage Cattle to help identify a bovine’s herd of origin Family Pets Car Tires

10. Tracking People? Los Angeles County Police Department has used RFID technology to track prison inmates Reasoning: “to track anti-social behavior and prisoner movements” (RFID) California Public School used RFID chips that were embedded in ID tags to track students Reasoning: ensure the safety of the students and prevent truancy

11. The Future of RFID Technology RFIDs are often seen as the replacement for UPC and barcodes Potential to revolutionize grocery shopping Smart Appliances- AKA a bachelor’s dream These potential uses won’t be around any time soon due to: Cost Barriers Lack of products being embedded with RFID tags Changes to operational processes Standards

12. What are some potential uses for RFID technology?

13. Abbr.Number of Wavelengths Each Second HertzHzOne KilohertzKHzThousand MegahertzMHzMillion GigahertzGHzBillion Frequencies

14. Abbr.Freq. and WavelengthExample of uses 100,000 km Extremely low frequency ELF3 – 30 Hz 100,000 km – 10,000 km Communication with submarines Super low frequency SLF30 – 300 Hz 10,000 km – 1000 km Communication with submarines Ultra low frequency ULF300 – 3000 Hz 1000 km – 100 km Communication within mines Very low frequency VLF3 – 30 kHz 100 km – 10 km Submarine communication, avalanche beacons, wireless heart rate monitors Low frequencyLF30 – 300 kHz 10 km – 1 km Navigation, time signals, AM long wave broadcasting Medium frequency MF300 – 3000 kHz 1 km – 100 m AM (Medium-wave) broadcasts High frequencyHF3 – 30 MHz 100 m – 10 m Shortwave broadcasts and amateur radio Very high frequency VHF30 – 300 MHz 10 m – 1 m FM and television broadcasts Ultra high frequency UHF300 – 3000 MHz 1 m – 100 mm television broadcasts, mobile phones, wireless LAN, ground- to-air and air-to-air communications Super high frequency SHF3 – 30 GHz 100 mm – 10 mm microwave devices, mobile phones (W-CDMA), WLAN, most modern Radars Extremely high frequency EHF30 – 300 GHz 10 mm – 1 mm Radio astronomy, high-speed microwave radio relay Above 300 GHz < 1 mm Night vision

15. RFID Regulation No global governing body Low and High Frequency used globally UHF does not have a global standard ISM bands are UHF and have different frequencies Power restrictions and Frequency emission Standards RFIDs must be certified End users can be affected if manufactures do not comply Regulations designed to reduce interference

16. RFID Legislation Problem once goods are purchased RFIDsec makes tags which transfer control to consumer Some tags uses cryptography State Legislation

17. RFID Controversy Privacy advocates call them “spy chips” and warn of possible abuse from stalkers, marketers and the government US passports Ubisense makes tags for employees, real time, precise location US DoD will use them to track weapons movements in 2007

18. RFID Controversy Wal-Mart requires top suppliers to use them RFID tags where shown in March 2006 that software viruses can be inserted into them “It shouldn't surprise you that a system that is designed to be manufactured as cheaply as possible is designed with no security constraints whatsoever.“ (Peter Neumann)

19. Summary RFID Introduction History of RFID Technology RFID Systems Current Uses Potential Uses Regulation and Standardization RFID Legislation Controversy