1. Chapter 2.3: Carbon Compounds

2. Biochemistry is... the chemistry of life 1.Molecules that make up life 2.Life Processes a.Growth b.Reproduction c.Movement d.Interaction with the environment

3. Chemistry of Carbon 1.Carbon can form four covalent bonds. 2.Carbon can bond with hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon

4. Macromolecules 1.Macromolecules are “Giant molecules” 2.Macromolecules are polymers a.Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers. b.This process is called polymerization. Macromolecules Macromolecules are “Giant molecules” Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers This process is called Polymerization.

5. Types of macromolecules 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins

6. Polymer/ Macromolecule: Carbohydrates 1.Carbohydrate function: a.Main energy source for organisms b.Structure of cell membrane

7. Carbohydrates 2.Carbohydrates contain: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atom 3.Monomer units = monosaccharides

8. Carbohydrates 4.Examples a.Saccharides 1.Monosaccharide = single sugar molecule 2.Polysaccharide = polymer of monosaccharides

9. Carbohydrates b.Starch: Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) that store extra sugar 1.In animals, starch is called glycogen 2.In plants, “plant starch”

10. Polymer/ Macromolecule: Lipids 1.Lipid function a. Main part of cell membrane b. Can be used to store energy 2.Lipids contain: mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms; some oxygen atoms

11. Lipids 3. Monomer units: glycerol and fatty acid 4.Not soluble in water 5.Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids

12. Lipids 6.Types of Lipids a.Unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are liquid at room temperature Example:Olive oil b.Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are solids at room temperature Example:Shortening

13. Glycerol + fatty acidlipids + water Saturated = only single bonds, maximum number of H atoms Unsaturated = at least on C = C double bond Types of Lipids lipid

15. Polymer/ Macromolecule: Proteins 1.Protein function: a.control cell processes b.build bones and muscles c.help fight disease

16. Polymer/ Macromolecule: Proteins 2.Proteins contain: nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms 3.Monomer units = amino acids a. 20 types of amino acids b. Same general structure, but different R group

17. Amino Acids General structureAlanineSerine Amino groupCarboxyl group

18. Polymer/Macromolecule: Nucleic Acids 1.Nucleic Acid function: Store and transmit genetic information 2.Nucleic acids contain: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus atoms

19. Nucleotide 3.Monomer units = nucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts: a.5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) b.Phosphate group c.Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)

20. Nucleic Acids 4.Two types a.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) b.RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA RNA

21. Carbon Compounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain CarbohydratesLipidsNucleic acidsProteins Sugars and starches Fats and oils Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen DNA and RNA NucleotidesAmino Acids Glycerol and Fatty Acids Monosaccharides Enzymes (Chapter 2.4)

22. How do you get macromolecules? You eat them Your body makes them

23. What is a “Nutrition Facts Label”? Macromolecules Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins

24. What is a “Nutrition Facts Label”?

25. Big Mac What percent of your total daily value of fat comes from 1 Big Mac? Of the total fat, what percentage is saturated fat? Approximately what is the maximum amount of cholesterol a person on a 2000 calorie per day diet should consume? 47% 52% 360 mg How many Bic Macs would you have to eat to receive 100% of the recommended daily value of Vitamin C? 50

26. By how many grams does the amount of fat exceed the Daily Value for someone on a 2000 calorie diet? 18 grams

27. Approximately what percentage of total daily calories are consumed by eating 1 triple whopper? Assume a 2000 calorie diet. 60%

28. If you ate the whole candy bar, how many calories have you consumed? 740 If you ate the whole candy bar, what percentage of your daily saturated fat intake have you consumed? 120%

29. Many doctors recommend 800 µg of folate, 400 µg of vitamin B12, and 50 mg of vitamin B6 per day to improve cardiovascular health. Based on this information and the nutrition label, the cardiovascular health benefit of a 1-ounce serving of this cereal is — A doubtful because it provides insufficient folate and vitamin B6 and lacks vitamin B12 B superb because it contains only 22 g of carbohydrates and 75 mg of sodium C excellent because it provides all needed vitamins and is low in fat and cholesterol D poor because it raises blood cholesterol levels with its high fat and cholesterol content