1. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 13 Substance Use and Abuse

2. Coming Up in this Chapter □Learn about addictive behavior. □Find out about drug abuse and dependence. □Learn about major types of psychoactive drugs. □What are the effects of alcohol? □What are the effects of tobacco? Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

3. What are drugs? □A drug is any substance with the potential to alter the structure and function of a living organism

4. Why do we use drugs? □People use drugs for many reasons, including: □medicinal □ recreational □ religious or spiritual reasons □ to produce altered states and special sensations □due to rebellion and alienation □ peer pressure □curiosity Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

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6. Addictive Behaviors □An addictive behavior is one that is out of control and has a serious effect on a person’s life. □Preoccupation □Loss of control □Craving or compulsion □Reinforcement □Negative consequences Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

7. Developing Addiction □Genes and biology □Exposure (early and frequent) □Environment (home life, peer groups) □Nature of behavior or substance Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

8. Drug Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence □Tolerance □Withdrawal □Difficulty with limits on drug use □Inability to cut down drug use □Time and focus on drug use □Activities given up due to drug use □Continued use despite problems Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

9. Drug classifications Classified by: □ How they are sold (over-the-counter or prescription) □Regulated (Controlled Substance Act (Schedules I–V) □Effects Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

10. Psychoactive Drugs □Drugs that alter mental functioning □May be legal or illegal □Men are more likely to use psychoactive drugs than women are. Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

11. Table 13-1 Use of psychoactive drugs in the United States Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

12. Caffeine □Mild central nervous system stimulant □The effect of caffeine on performance is variable. □Is it addictive? □What is the top source of caffeine? Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

13. Table 13-2 Common sources of caffeine Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

14. Caffeine effects □Increases heart rate □Disrupts normal sleep patterns □Acts as a diuretic □Increases stomach acid production □Constricts blood vessels □Mild central nervous stimulant Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

15. Marijuana □Of the 400 known chemicals in marijuana, more than 60 are cannabinoids □THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) appears to be the chemical responsible for the effects of marijuana Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

16. Marijuana □Causes intoxication □Affects the areas of the brain involving:  Memory  Thinking  Concentration  Coordination  Sensory and time perception Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

18. Marijuana □Effects of cognitive functioning  Impaired judgment  Reduced attention capacity  Reduced ability to form new memories  Daily use may cause user to operate with reduced mental capacity In other words you can’t think straight Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

19. Ecstasy (MDMA) (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) □Associated with raves and dance clubs □Has properties of both stimulants and hallucinogens Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

20. Ecstasy □Effects include: □Feelings of emotional warmth □Nausea and muscle cramps □Blurred vision □Increased heart rate and blood pressure □hyperthermia Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

21. Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs □Remains a problem, in part, because of the accessibility of the drugs □Vicodin □OxyContin □Deaths due to overdose are 33% of all poisoning deaths each year Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

22. Alcohol □Used for relaxation, unwinding, and decreasing inhibitions □Is widely accepted at social gatherings □People ages 12-20 consume 20 percent of alcohol in the United States Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

23. Alcohol □What counts as a drink? □12 oz of beer □5 oz of table wine □1.5 oz of 80 proof distilled liquor □Proof is the alcohol content of hard liquor = to 2 times the % alcohol ( 80 proof = 40%) Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

24. BAC □BAC: blood alcohol concentration □BAC = 0.08 is DWI □2-3 drinks can result in a BAC of 0.10 □10+ drinks can result in a BAC of 0.3+ which can result in death

25. Table 13-3 Effects of different levels of blood alcohol concentration Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

26. Drinking and Driving □How bad is drinking and driving? □Carries significant legal penalties □Carries significant financial costs Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

27. Fig 13-7 Risk of motor vehicle crashes by sex, age, and blood alcohol concentration Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

28. Alcohol effects □Increase risk of injury □Engage in sexual activity □Missed classes/ or work □Arguing Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

29. Alcohol and pregnancy □Do not drink □Drinking increases the risk of miscarriage and premature delivery □Can cause lifelong disorders in infants Variety of abnormalities including abnormal facial features, shorter height and low IQ Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

30. Long-Term Health Effects □Fatty liver □Hepatitis □Cirrhosis Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

31. Tobacco □The leading cause of preventable death in the United States □Approximately twenty percent of adults in the United States use tobacco □Quitting is one of the most difficult health behavior changes Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

32. Tobacco and Nicotine □Nicotine □A naturally occurring chemical that is both poisonous and addictive □Cigarettes □Contains over 4,000 chemicals and 50 known cancer-causing compounds Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

33. Radioactive polonium

34. Effects of Smoking □Responsible for 80 percent of all lung cancer deaths □Compared to nonsmokers, smokers are 2-4 times more likely to have CHD or a stroke □90% of COPD deaths □Leads to wrinkling of the skin Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

35. Chest X-ray = 10 millirems Background radiation = 300 millirems/year Smoking 1.5 packs/day = 3000 millirems/year Now do you really want to have 300 Chest X-rays a year? Scientific America Jan. 2011

36. Smoking and Sports □Lowers maximal oxygen consumption □Reduces lung function □Chewing tobacco is not better than smoking Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

37. Other Forms of Tobacco Use □Light or low-tar cigarettes □Water pipes □Smokeless tobacco □Cigars □Secondhand smoke Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

38. Health benefits of quitting smoking

39. Small Benefits of Quitting □Breath, clothes, and hair will smell better □Sense of smell will return □Fingers and fingernails will slowly appear less yellow □Kids will be less likely to start smoking □You will have more money Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

40. Most Effective Methods of Quitting □Behavioral strategies □Counseling □Talking with a doctor □Medications Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

41. Behavioral strategies □Recognize the need to quit □Set goals □Plan techniques to overcome urges Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

42. Counseling □Talk with a doctor (medications:Zyban,Chantix) □Individual or group counseling □1-800-quit-now □Smookefree.gov http://www.smokefree.gov Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.