1. ZENIA ADIWIJAYA COORDINATION WITH: EVANDRO MARTINS CAPSULES PRODUCED WITH W/O AND O/W EMULSIONS

2. INVERSE GELATION MECHANISM ABANG et al. (2012) O/W emulsion (27.7 g/L of CaCl 2 ) ANDERSON (2010) W/O emulsion (176 g/L of CaCl 2 ) W/O Emulsion destabilizers

3. RELEASE OF Ca 2+ FROM THE EMULSIONS OilCaCl 2 SolutionMembrane O/W EMULSIONW/O EMULSION 3 Ca CaCa Alginate Solution CaCa CaCa CaCa CaCa CaCa CaCa CaCa CaCa CaCa CaCa CaCa CaCa Ca

4. OBJECTIVES 4 To optimize the production of capsules using W/O emulsion by reducing CaCl 2 concentration To compare capsules produced with W/O and O/W emulsions

5. 5 C apsules EXPERIMENTS W/O EMULSION

6. 6 100 mL Oil + 30 mL CaCl 2 solution (240 g/L) + SPAN 85 or PGPR 90 W/O EMULSIONS FORMULATIONS

7. 7 Concentration (g/L) SPAN 85PGPR 90 Size of water droplets (μm) Stability Size of water droplets (μm) Stability 0.0819 ± 715 min15 ± 650 min 0.814 ± 518 min7 ± 11 day 814 ± 820 min0.7 ± 0.15 day SPAN 85 PGPR 90

8. 8 CAPSULES PRODCUTION: W/O EMULSION W/O EMULSION CaCl 2 : 4.6 - 55.4 g/L EMULSION DESTABILIZERS TWEEN 20 ETHANOL OR ACETONE

9. 9 Ethanol Acetone EFFECT OF DESTABILIZERS: ETHANOL/ACETONE Acetone is the best destabilizer

10. AW ALGINATE SOLUTIONS 10 AW 

11. MECHANISM OF DESTABILIZATION: ACETONE 11 ACETONE Ca

12. 12 EFFECT OF CaCl 2 CONCENTRATION Minimal CaCl 2 concentration: 13.8 g/L

13. 13 C apsules EXPERIMENTS O/W EMULSION

14. 100 mL Oil + 30 mL solution CaCl 2 + 0.5 mL Span 85/ Tween 85 14 CAPSULES PRODCUTION: O/W EMULSION O/W Emulsion Production Capsules Production

15. 15 EFFECT OF CaCl 2 AND ALGINATE CONCENTRATIONS 55.4 27.7 13.8 4.6 CaCl 2 Concentration (g/L) 15 10 55 Alginate Concentration (g/L)

16. 16 EFFECT OF CaCl 2 AND ALGIANTE CONCENTRATIONS Alginate 5 g/L Alginate 10 g/L Alginate 15 g/L

17. 17 C apsules EXPERIMENTS O/W AND W/O EMULSION

18. 18 CAPSULES: W/O AND O/W EMULSION 55.4 27.7 13.8 CaCl 2 Concentration (g/L) O/W W/O Alginate 10 g/L

19. 19 RUPTURE FORCE: W/O AND O/W EMULSION W/O O/W RF = 0.4 (Ca) -1.8 RF = 0.2 (Ca) + 22

20. LOG(MEMBRANE VOLUME) (Vm) X LOG (CORE VOLUME) (Vc) 20 Vm= K Vc Vm =6 10 -2 Vc 4 - 24 Vc 3 + 130 Vc 2 – 249 Vm= 0.1 Vc 4 + 5 Vc 3 -63 Vc 2 +351 Vc - 718 THEORICAL CURVE W/O EMULSION O/W EMULSION Vm Vc (μm 3 ) CAPSULES MICROCAPSULES

21. 21 % MEMBRANE (%M) x LOG (CORE VOLUME) (Vc) % M Vc (μm 3 ) %M = K/K+1 %M =6 10 -3 Vc 5 - 0,3 Vc 4 + 5 Vc 3 – 43 Vc 2 + 185 Vc - 315 %M = 5 10 -3 Vc 5 - 0,2 Vc 4 +4 Vc 3 – 34 Vc 2 + 143 Vc - 229 CAPSULES MICROCAPSULES THEORICAL CURVE W/O EMULSION O/W EMULSION

22. 22 Easier to get Do not need additional destabilizer More uniform/ homogeneous in shape Membrane slightly weaker Minimal concentration of CaCl 2 : 4.6 g/L Harder to get Need additional destabilizer Lower CaCl 2 released More heterogeneous in shape Membrane slight stronger Minimal concentration of CaCl 2 : 13.8 g/L O/W W/O CAPSULES: W/O AND O/W EMULSION

23. CONCLUSION 23 Capsules using W/O emulsions with less CaCl 2 can be obtained The properties of the capsules produced with W/O and O/W are similar The release of Calcium ions from the emulsion depends on the core size and the emulsion Capsules produced with W/O emulsions cannot be used in food areas due to the utilization of acetone

24. M ERCI!