1. JFK and the Cold War Chapter 28 Section 2

2. Flexibility JFK b/l that Eisenhower had relied too heavily on nuclear weapons JFK b/l that Eisenhower had relied too heavily on nuclear weapons He thought there should be a more flexible response to helping countries fight communist aggression He thought there should be a more flexible response to helping countries fight communist aggression JFK’s flexible response JFK’s flexible response Build up of conventional troops and weapons Build up of conventional troops and weapons Allow the US to fight a limited style war if needed Allow the US to fight a limited style war if needed Rather than going to all out war w/ the use of nuclear weapons Rather than going to all out war w/ the use of nuclear weapons

3. The Flexibility Plan Kennedy supported the Special Forces Kennedy supported the Special Forces A small army unit created to wage guerilla warfare in limited conflicts A small army unit created to wage guerilla warfare in limited conflicts Green Beret’s Green Beret’s This type of warfare would prevent the all- out warfare of nuclear weapons and large amounts of casualties This type of warfare would prevent the all- out warfare of nuclear weapons and large amounts of casualties

4. Fighting Poverty Alliance for Progress – series of cooperative aid projects w/ Latin American govt. Alliance for Progress – series of cooperative aid projects w/ Latin American govt. To improve relations w/ Latin America To improve relations w/ Latin America To create a prosperous Latin America To create a prosperous Latin America Peace Corps – organization that sent young Americans to perform humanitarian services in less developed nations Peace Corps – organization that sent young Americans to perform humanitarian services in less developed nations

5. Into Space Space Race – US and the Soviet Union competed for domination over the heavens Space Race – US and the Soviet Union competed for domination over the heavens To enhance their competitive positions on the Earth To enhance their competitive positions on the Earth JFK was determined that the first humans to reach the moon must be Americans JFK was determined that the first humans to reach the moon must be Americans He wanted it done b/f the decade was out He wanted it done b/f the decade was out July 1969 – astronaut Neil Armstrong b/c the first person to set foot on the moon July 1969 – astronaut Neil Armstrong b/c the first person to set foot on the moon

6. The Bay of Pigs 1959 – Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Batista and set up a Soviet supported totalitarian regime in Cuba 1959 – Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Batista and set up a Soviet supported totalitarian regime in Cuba Eisenhower approved a secret plan for the CIA to train and arm Cuban exiles to invade Cuba Eisenhower approved a secret plan for the CIA to train and arm Cuban exiles to invade Cuba In hopes of causing a revolt against Castro In hopes of causing a revolt against Castro When JFK b/c president his advisors approved the plan When JFK b/c president his advisors approved the plan In office fewer than 3 months In office fewer than 3 months JFK trusts his advisors and agrees to the operation JFK trusts his advisors and agrees to the operation

7. The Bay of Pigs April 17, 1961 – 1,400 armed Cuban exiles land at the Bay of Pigs – South coast of Cuba April 17, 1961 – 1,400 armed Cuban exiles land at the Bay of Pigs – South coast of Cuba It was a disaster It was a disaster Kennedy canceled the air support to keep the US’s involvement secret Kennedy canceled the air support to keep the US’s involvement secret The expected uprising of the Cuban people never happened The expected uprising of the Cuban people never happened W/i two days Castro’s forces killed or captured almost all of the fighting rebels W/i two days Castro’s forces killed or captured almost all of the fighting rebels Effects Effects Exposed the American plot to overthrow a neighbor’s govt. Exposed the American plot to overthrow a neighbor’s govt. Made the US look weak and disorganized Made the US look weak and disorganized

8. The Berlin Wall June 1961 – Khrushchev and JFK meet June 1961 – Khrushchev and JFK meet Khrushchev… Khrushchev… Wants to stop the flood of Germans pouring out of Communist East Germany into West Berlin Wants to stop the flood of Germans pouring out of Communist East Germany into West Berlin East Germans were tired of Communist oppression and were escaping it by fleeing from East Germany into West Berlin East Germans were tired of Communist oppression and were escaping it by fleeing from East Germany into West Berlin Demands that the US, Britain, and France w/draw from Berlin Demands that the US, Britain, and France w/draw from Berlin Berlin sits w/i East Germany Berlin sits w/i East Germany JFK refuses and reaffirms the West’s commitment to West Berlin JFK refuses and reaffirms the West’s commitment to West Berlin

9. The Berlin Wall Khrushchev had a wall built through Berlin Khrushchev had a wall built through Berlin Blocked movement b/w the Soviet sector and the rest of the city Blocked movement b/w the Soviet sector and the rest of the city Guards were posted along the wall in machine gun towers Guards were posted along the wall in machine gun towers Guards shot at those who attempted escape from the East Guards shot at those who attempted escape from the East Surrounded by barbed wire, flood lights, minefields, and vicious dog patrols Surrounded by barbed wire, flood lights, minefields, and vicious dog patrols The wall stood for nearly 30 years The wall stood for nearly 30 years It was a symbol of the Cold War division b/w East and West It was a symbol of the Cold War division b/w East and West

10. The Cuban Missile Crisis October 22, 1962 – Kennedy announces on tv that US spy planes had taken photographs showing that the Soviets had placed long-range missiles in Cuba October 22, 1962 – Kennedy announces on tv that US spy planes had taken photographs showing that the Soviets had placed long-range missiles in Cuba Khrushchev had placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to counteract US nuclear weapons that were placed in Turkey w/i easy range of the Soviet Union Khrushchev had placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to counteract US nuclear weapons that were placed in Turkey w/i easy range of the Soviet Union Enemy missiles so close to the US terrified everyone Enemy missiles so close to the US terrified everyone

11. The Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy orders… Kennedy orders… A naval blockade A naval blockade To prevent Soviet ships from delivering more missiles into Cuba To prevent Soviet ships from delivering more missiles into Cuba The Soviets to dismantle the existing missile sites The Soviets to dismantle the existing missile sites Warns that if any weapons were launched against the US he would respond fully against the Soviet Union Warns that if any weapons were launched against the US he would respond fully against the Soviet Union The Soviets continued to work on the missile sites The Soviets continued to work on the missile sites

12. The Cuban Missile Crisis After many secret negotiations the Soviet Union offered a deal After many secret negotiations the Soviet Union offered a deal Khrushchev agreed to remove the missile if the… Khrushchev agreed to remove the missile if the… US promised not to invade Cuba US promised not to invade Cuba US removed its missiles from Turkey near the Soviet border US removed its missiles from Turkey near the Soviet border

13. The Cuban Missile Crisis October 28, 1962 – JFK and Khrushchev reached an agreement October 28, 1962 – JFK and Khrushchev reached an agreement JFK agreed to… JFK agreed to… Not invade Cuba Not invade Cuba Remove the Turkish missiles Remove the Turkish missiles Khrushchev agreed to… Khrushchev agreed to… Remove their missiles from Cuba Remove their missiles from Cuba

14. Missile Crisis Impact The Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world too close to nuclear war The Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world too close to nuclear war August 1963 – the US and the Soviets agreed to a treaty to ban the testing of nuclear weapons w/i the atmosphere August 1963 – the US and the Soviets agreed to a treaty to ban the testing of nuclear weapons w/i the atmosphere First step toward mutual arms reduction First step toward mutual arms reduction Undermined Khrushchev’s position and contributed to his fall from power Undermined Khrushchev’s position and contributed to his fall from power The new leadership was less interested in reaching agreements w/ the West The new leadership was less interested in reaching agreements w/ the West The Soviets b/g to dramatically build up arms over the next 2 decades The Soviets b/g to dramatically build up arms over the next 2 decades

15. The Assassination of JFK November 22, 1963 – JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas November 22, 1963 – JFK was assassinated in Dallas, Texas Lee Harvey Oswald accused of being the assassin Lee Harvey Oswald accused of being the assassin A Marxist who had spent time in the Soviet Union A Marxist who had spent time in the Soviet Union Oswald was then killed by Jack Ruby while in police custody Oswald was then killed by Jack Ruby while in police custody The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin  a conclusion that is still doubted and argued against today The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin  a conclusion that is still doubted and argued against today

16. The Dreadful Day in Dallas

17. Arrival in Dallas

18. Breakfast Banquet

31. Jackie leaves Parkland Hospital

32. Leaving Dallas

36. Arriving in D.C.

40. A Son’s Salute

43. The Eternal Flame