1. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Ecology of Socialization

2. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The childhood shows the man, as morning shows the day. John Milton

3. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Aims of Socialization

4. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Aims of Socialization Develop self-concept Enable self-regulation Empower achievement Teach appropriate social goals Implement developmental skills

5. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Terms Self-Concept – An individual’s perception of his or her identity as distinct from that of others Self-Esteem – The value one places on his/her identity

6. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development NameDevelopmental Stage Task Trust vs. MistrustInfancyDevelop a basic sense of trust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Early ChildhoodDevelop autonomy Initiative vs. GuiltPlay AgeDevelop initiative Industry vs. InferioritySchool AgeDevelop feelings of competence Identity vs. Identity Diffusion AdolescenceIntegrate early self with changing self Intimacy vs. IsolationYoung AdulthoodEstablish intimacy Generativity vs. Self- Absorption AdulthoodEstablish and guide the next generation Integrity vs. DespairSenescenceReach end of life with positive self-esteem Toddlerhood Early Childhood

7. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Self-Regulation The ability to control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions... until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression

8. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Developmental Task A task that lies between an individual need and a societal demand

9. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Agents of Socialization

10. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Agents of Socialization Family School and Child Care Peers Mass Media The Community

11. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Egocentrism The cognitive inability to look at the world from any point of view other than one’s own

12. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Cultural Differences OrientationCollectivist / Individualistic Coping StyleActive/Passive Attitude Toward Authority Submissive/ Egalitarian Communication Style Open- Expressive/ Restrained- Private

13. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Methods of Socialization

14. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Methods Affective Operant Observational Cognitive Sociocultural Apprenticeship

15. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Affective Methods Include – responses to others – feelings about self – feelings about others – expression of emotion

16. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Attachment An affectional tie that one person forms to another person, binding them together in space and enduring over time

17. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Operant Methods Operant: Producing an effect Reinforcement – An object or event presented following a behavior that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur Extinction – The gradual disappearance of a learned behavior following the removal of the reinforcement

18. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Operant Methods Punishment – Physical or psychologically painful stimuli or the temporary withdrawal of pleasant stimuli when undesirable behavior occurs Feedback – Evaluative information, both positive and negative, about one’s behavior

19. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Observational Methods Modeling – A form of imitative learning that occurs by observing another person (the model) perform a behavior and experience its consequence

20. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Cognitive Methods Instruction Setting Standards Reasoning – Giving explanations or causes for an act

21. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Parenting Styles Authoritarian Parent-centered; Characterized by unquestioning obedience to authority Permissive Child-centered; Characterized by lack of directives or authority Authoritative Democratic; Authority is based on competence or expertise

22. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Sociocultural Methods Group Pressure Tradition Rituals and Routines Symbols

23. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Apprenticeship A process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks Structuring Collaborating Transferring

24. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Outcomes of Socialization

25. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Outcomes Values Attitudes Motives and attributions Self-esteem Self-regulation/behavior Morals Gender roles