1. EARLY PRESIDENTS WASHINGTON ADAMS JEFFERSON MADISON MONROE QUINCY ADAMS JACKSON

2. FEDERALISTS STRONG NATIONAL GOVERNMENT HAMILTON-LEADER JOHN ADAMS-LEADER LOOSE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION – ELASTIC CLAUSE-BEND THE RULES TO INCREASE THE POWER OF THE GOVERNMENT TARRIFFS (TAX ON IMPORTS) TO PROTECT AMERICAN BUSINESS SUPPORTED A NATIONAL BANK LIKED ENGLAND FACTORIES/MANUFACTURING (MERCHANTS) NORTH

3. DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS (ANTI- FEDS) STRONG STATE GOVERNMENTS JEFFERSON-LEADER PATRICK HENRY-LEADER STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION (NO ELASTIC CLAUSE) FREE TRADE STATE BANKS-OPPOSED A NATIONAL BANK FRANCE AGRICULTURE-FAVORED SELF SUFFICIENT FARMERS SOUTH

4. WASHINGTON He had a willingness to listen to different points of view Problems facing the new country – National debt from revolutionary war – Hostile Indian tribes – War between France and England split the political parties and country Whiskey Rebellion-farmers rebel against national tax – Washington raises army and puts down the rebellion – 1 st test as president Bank Compromise-Jefferson v. Hamilton – Hamilton gets national bank – Jefferson gets national capital (Washington DC) in the South Washington’s farewell address – No debts – No foreign alliances (feared the US might be dragged into a foreign war) – No political parties – Proclamation of Neutrality – The nation should develop its own interests in the Western Hemisphere

5. ADAMS XYZ AFFAIR-dealt with French impressments – Impressments-Capturing and taking American ships, sailors and cargo Created US Navy

6. JEFFERSON Also believed in avoiding alliances with Europe just as Washington did Louisiana Purchase (1803) – Bought territory from France – Doubled the country in size-from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains – Lewis and Clark explored with help from Sacajawea Gave the US control over the Mississippi River Embargo Act of 1807 – British kidnapping of American Soldiers – Avoid political conflicts with European nations

7. MADISON (FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION) War of 1812 – England vs. US – English take over Washington DC – Cut off American shipping and trade American factories begin making goods to replace goods cut off from Europe Changed US Economy – Battle of New Oreleans Andrew Jackson Fought after war was over – Winner England – War ends with treat of Ghent

8. MONROE Era of Good Feelings-time of peace and prosperity in the US – Rise in nationalism-taking pride in one’s country Monroe Doctrine-US would not allow Europeans to colonize in the western hemisphere anymore-avoid political conflicts with European Nations Erie Canal was completed-it connected the Great Lakes to New York City – Allowed trade between the Atlantic Ocean and the Midwest – Made it easier to ship goods by water rather than by land

9. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS Tied with Andrew Jackson National road completed Hated slavery

10. ANDREW JACKSON Election of 1828-first election that most states did not enforce the land ownership requirement for voting Spoils system-Jackson appointed supporters and friends to government posts-rewarded supporters of elected officials with government jobs Indian Removal Act-law stating all Indians must move west of the Mississippi River (Cherokee, Creek and Seminole) – Worchester v. Georgia-Supreme Court says Indian removal is unconstitutional and Indians (Cherokee) could keep their land. – Jackson ignored the supreme court and forced Indians to move anyways – Trail of Tears-Cherokees forced march west of the Mississippi River Nullification Crisis-South Carolina made a state law saying states could nullify (declare invalid) national laws that were not in the states best interest. – Created by John C. Calhoun – Argument was over tariffs – South Carolina threatened to secede – Jackson threatened to take over South Carolina with army – Daniel Webster-opposed nullification – Senator that opposed the idea of nullification said only the Supreme Court and not the states had the power of Judicial Review