1. Human Trafficking Meera Alexander Stephanie Chen Allie Hertling Sujata Ramaiah

2. Question Is human trafficking a humanitarian problem or a security issue?

3. What is human trafficking? Human trafficking definition Human smuggling definition and difference Human trafficking does not require being taken across national borders or even be non-citizens of the country in which they are trafficked “Willingly, no one chooses the yoke of slavery.” Aeschylus

4. Why are people trafficked? Persons are trafficked for the following reasons: Trafficker’s Perspective Labor Commercial Sex Victims Perspective Social Women from broken families facing poverty and abuse. Example: Bulgarian Animus says that 26% of returned women in Bulgarian were victims of childhood psychological abuse. Economic Unemployed and poorly educated families in an economy with high unemployment rates

6. Where are people trafficked? Top regions Asia, Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and African countries Top three countries of origin Russian Federation, Ukraine, Nigeria Transit regions Most frequent is Central and Eastern Europe Destination regions Developed countries including the U.S. and Canada

8. Transnational Network – NGO Services and Advocacy Grassroots organizations: identify victims and provide direct aid Information politics: public awareness and publishing statistics Lobbying to decriminalize migration and prostitution, advocate the creation of reintegration centers (ASTRA, GAATW)

9. Aradau’s “Politics of Pity” NGO’s take a humanitarian approach to solving the issue by emphasizing the suffering, vulnerability and plight of the victim Creates solidarity in moral and political concern Eliciting such recognizable suffering is just as important as expertise “Emotion [is] used to re-structure the situation of trafficking and govern it to benefit trafficked women” (255 )

10. ‘Innocent Victims’ or ‘Guilty Whores’? “Torture, by any other name” Helen Bamber Foundation (NGO) and The Body Shop (MNC) http://www.dailymotion.com/vide o/x3e8us_i-am-elena http://www.dailymotion.com/vide o/x3e8us_i-am-elena Role of Symbolic Politics - Exteriorizing threat from trafficked victims, and focus on physical suffering However, there is no mention of those who knew they were going to be illegal migrants “Suffering must be seen as undeserved; pity cannot be experienced toward the culpable and the dangerous..” Claudia Aradau

11. Hey, Illicit Activities Have Networks Too Even in the middle of nowhere: tsunami orphans in Indonesia Aceh province were being abducted by organized gangs of traffickers Prosecution rather than Protection: by UN definition a trafficking network is an “organized criminal group” In addition, criminal organizations at all levels are involved in trafficking: money laundering, document forgery, drug trafficking, and funding international terrorism Indicator of state instability and security issues

12. Human Trafficking as a humanitarian issue Trafficked people are all victims When NGOs address the problem Prosecution, protection, prevention

13. Universal Declaration on Human Rights Adopted December 10 th, 1948 by the UN- GA 1968 UN International Conference on Human Rights Creation of the International Covenants

14. 61 st General Assembly The Agenda: Women’s Rights Children and Migrants Right to Development The UN GA 3 rd Committee: Issue of human trafficking based on gender and age Advocating that women and children need protection

15. Palermo Protocols Adopted by UN in 2000 under the UN Office on Drugs and Crime Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air Can give consent, but could be by force or trickery http://youtube.com/watch?v=8AH-ZLijKLs

16. Human Trafficking as a threat to security Border security Other crimes Illegal immigrants http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=RFZB7dKJk5c&fe ature=related http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=RFZB7dKJk5c&fe ature=related

17. Security Risk? Humanitarian Issue or

18. Solutions Support, security, and safety Strengthen law enforcement Increase cost for temporary visas while decreasing costs for permanent residency In cases where victims are coerced and moved out of their home countries

19. Solutions Provide better internal security Give more power to the police departments In cases where victims agree to smuggling but are trafficked for other purposes AND those trafficked within their home country

20. Supply Side Reduce vulnerabilities of “at risk” individuals Education Demand Side Stronger laws Major court case Public awareness Solutions “Our Swedish law is good as it focuses on the demand side. If there was no demand, there wouldn’t be any trafficking.” Anders Oljelund