2. 1-3. Answers will vary.

4. Three times

5. Lesson 4A Click here to enlarge the passage

6. Vocabulary Lesson 4A

7. main (adj.) the most important thing

8. death (n.) the end of a person’s or an animal’s life

9. reach (v.) to arrive somewhere

10. return (v.) to go back to the place where you were before

11. condition (n.) the state something or someone is in

12. item (n.) a single thing in a group or list of things

13. believe (v.) to think that something is true

14. agree (v.) to have the same opinion or say that you will do something

15. instead (adv.) in place of something else

16. hope (v.) to want something to happen or be true

17. entire passage lines 1-2 lines 2-3

18. line 11 lines 18-19

19. lifelong dream dream main parts pair took away protection

20. deaths conditions believe

21. main reach returned

26. 1. Geoff Banninger 2. 2004 3. Colorado in the U.S. 4. walking to a park to see his sister play softball 5. nine years old

27. Lesson 4B Click here to enlarge the passage

28. Vocabulary Lesson 4B

29. heart (n.) the organ that pumps blood around your body

30. result (n.) something that happens because of another thing

31. happen (v.) to occur

32. further (adv.) to a greater extent or degree, at a greater distance

33. ensure (v.) to make sure or certain

34. rule (n.) an instruction that tells you what you are allowed to do

35. wait (v.) to spend time doing very little before something happens

36. likely (adj.) when something is probably going to happen

37. common (adj.) found or happening often

38. chance (n.) a possibility

39. lines 9-10 line 14

40. lines 19-22 lines 23-26

41. c e d a b

43. chance heart wait

44. rule happen common further

45. likely result ensure

47. common mainly conditions reach

48. agree chance deaths ensure

49. Answers will vary. Some suggestions are given in the Reading Passage.

50. For More Information http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0412/ feature5/index.html http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environ ment/natural-disasters/lighting-profile/

51. Key Words for Internet Research lightning flashesshark attacks lightning strikesTitanic Robert Ballard sharks

52. Reading Skills

53. Understanding the Main Idea Once we've determined the text type of a passage, and what it's generally about, we usually then read on to understand the main idea of the passage. In other words: What is the writer basically telling us? Or, What is the writer's main message? Understanding the main idea of a text means being able to identify the most important point or information in the passage.

54. Identifying Details Identifying details in a text to answer specific questions (eg: who, what, when, where, why) is often achieved through a strategy known as ‘Scanning’ for details. This is actually a technique often used in daily life when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary. Also when you read a newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word, instead you're scanning the text for important information of interest.

55. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing involves the skill of identifying a restatement of a section in a passage that retains the basic meaning while changing the words, often explained in a more simplified form. A paraphrase often clarifies a more ambiguous original statement in the text by putting it into alternative words that are often more easily understood.

56. Making Inferences When we read a text, the author does not tell us everything. Therefore, we must be able to guess some things and make clear assumptions from the information, facts, opinions and author’s feelings presented in the passage. Such a process of guessing and critical thinking is called ‘Making inferences’

57. Understanding Reference Understanding reference in a text is an important reading skill which involves focusing on specific meaning of ‘pronoun references’ used throughout a passage (eg: this, those, their, it). This is an important skill to help develop full comprehension of significant details of a section of a passage which refer back to previous statements made.