2. Minerals I Elements of the Earth’s crust Properties of minerals Crystal form Cleavage/Fracture Color, streak, luster Hardness, tenacity Specific gravity Acid test, magnetism, etc. http://www.nps.gov/seki/snrm/geology/cave_photos.htm

3. Why Study Minerals? Building blocks of Earth materials Building blocks of Earth materials Economically important Economically important Essential to understanding rock formation Essential to understanding rock formation Minerals are cool Minerals are cool

4. naturally occurring - materials synthesized in laboratory do not count, must be formed by natural processes in wild inorganic - not formed by organic chemistry (e.g., sugars, etc.) homogeneous solid - single substance in solid phase which cannot be physically separated into simpler compounds definite chemical composition - composition can be represented as chemical formula (e.g., NaCl), although variation in exact composition is possible (e.g., (Mg, Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) ordered atomic arrangement – repeating structure at the atomic level, which expresses as symmetry in large specimens, i.e., crystalline structure. http://www.uoregon.edu/~jrice/geol311 Mineral - A naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement.

5. Mineral Formation Minerals found at the Earth’s surface formed from natural processes both within the Earth and at the Earth’s surface. Environments vary greatly, and include: High temperature and pressure typical of the upper mantle. Evaporation basins Ocean bottoms Volcanic calderas and lava flows A host of stressful environments in mountain building zones And thousands of others!

6. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Most useful properties for mineral identification

7. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Crystal symmetry is controlled by the atomic structure of mineral

9. 4-fold axes (90 o ) 90 oSymmetry 4-fold symmetry (90 o ) http://www.a-m.de/englisch/lexikon/mineral/halogenide/halit-bild1.htm

10. 3-fold symmetry (120 o ) 3-fold axes (120 o ) Symmetry http://home.planet.nl/~bartdw/sphalerite.htm

11. Crystal Form There are only 6 symmetry classes; each mineral belongs to only ONE symmetry class, and thus all crystals exhibit that symmetry only! http://members.aol.com/jmichaelh/part1.html isometrictetragonalorthorhombic hexagonalmonoclinictriclinic

12. Crystal Form Caveat One: Crowding of other crystals can mask symmetry Caveat Two: Crystals are often too small to see Symmetry can always be seen using techniques like X-ray diffraction

13. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Cleavage - tendency to split along planes of weakness corresponding to weaker chemical links in internal structure of crystal

14. A single crystal can display several cleavage directions. The cleavage directions are not always at right angles to each other. They also are not necessarily parallel to the crystal faces of the mineral. 1 direction2 directions

15. Cleavage Can be parallel to crystal faces, but is often at an angle Parallel Cleavage

16. Fig. 02.19a One Direction of Cleavage

18. Fig. 02.21 Two Directions of Cleavage

19. Three Directions of Cleavage

20. Fig. 02.22 http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/visualgeology

21. http://www.greatsouth.net/ http://www.xpsdata.com/ Fluorite Crystals Four Directions of Cleavage

22. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Fracture - any breakage that is not cleavage

23. conchoidalfracture Characteristic of quartz, chert and flint

24. Fig. 02.23 conchoidal fracture

25. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Characteristic for some minerals, useless for most

26. Spinel MgAl 2 O 4 Hardness = 8 One mineral can come in a rainbow of colors

27. Quartz SiO 2 Hardness = 7 Rose Quartz SmokeyQuartz Quartz Citrine AmethystAmethyst Carnelian Onyx Jasper

28. Alexandrite sunlightsunlight artificiallightartificiallight One mineral can appear to be different colors under different lighting BeAl 2 O 4 Hardness = 8.5 Chrysoberyl

29. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Streak Color - Streak Color - Color of powdered mineral, which may or may not be the color of the crystal

30. hematite streak color

31. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Luster - quality of light reflected from mineral surface

32. Luster - quality of light reflected from mineral surface metallic pyrite gold silver

33. Luster quality of light reflected from mineral surface resinous pearly vitreous (glassy) non-metallic

34. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness - resistance of mineral to scratching or abrasion

35. Mohs Hardness Scale Austrian mineralogist F. Mohs, 1824 Based on relative hardness of 10 common minerals hard soft 10. Diamond C 9. Corundum Al 2 O 3 8. Topaz Al 2 SiO 4 (F,OH) 2 7. Quartz SiO 2 6. Orthoclase KAlSi 3 O 8 5. Apatite Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (F,Cl,OH) 4. Fluorite CaF 2 3. Calcite CaCO 3 2. Gypsum CaSO 4 1. Talc Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Higher numbered minerals scratch lower numbered minerals fingernail copper penny glass plate

37. Fig. 02.14 Muscovite Hardness < 2 Can scratch with fingernail (H=2.5) Muscovite Hardness < 2 Can scratch with fingernail (H=2.5)

38. Fig. 02.15c Fluorite Hardness =4 Can scratch copper penny (H=3.5), but not glass plate (H=5.5) Fluorite Hardness =4 Can scratch copper penny (H=3.5), but not glass plate (H=5.5)

39. Fig. 02.15b Apatite Hardness =5 Can scratch copper penny (H<3.5), but not glass plate (H=5.5) Apatite Hardness =5 Can scratch copper penny (H<3.5), but not glass plate (H=5.5)

40. Fig. 02.15a Quartz Hardness =7 Scratches glass plate (H=5.5). Hardest of common minerals Quartz Hardness =7 Scratches glass plate (H=5.5). Hardest of common minerals

41. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Tenacity - resistance of the mineral to breaking

42. Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Specific Gravity Specific Gravity - density of the material (g/cm 3 ) Mineral Properties

43. Specific Gravity the atomic weight of the contained elements Related to both the atomic weight of the contained elements, and how tightly the atoms are packed Orthorhombic Carbonates All minerals have same structure, only cation differs MineralFormulaCation g/cm3 AragoniteCaCO 3 202.95 StrontianiteSrCO 3 383.76 WitheriteBaCO 3 564.29 CerrusitePbCO 3 826.55

44. Specific Gravity how tightly the atoms are packed Related to both the atomic weight of the contained elements, and how tightly the atoms are packed Both are minerals composed of the element carbon G graphite = 2.23 (loose) G diamond = 3.51(tight) http://geology.uvm.edu/vtlandforms/gl_graph.htm GraphiteDiamond

45. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Reaction to dilute acid; especially useful in identifying carbonate minerals

46. Minerals like calcite react with weak acid, dissolving the mineral and producing lots of bubbles (effervescence)

47. Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Some minerals strongly attract magnets. Characteristic of magnetite and some other minerals