1. Cloning Genes Gene cloning: amplifying a specific piece of DNA via a bacteria cell Cloning vector: a replicating DNA molecule attached with a foreign DNA fragment to be introduced into a cell –Has features that make it easier to insert DNA and select for presence of vector in cell. Origin of replication Antibiotic resistance gene Cloning site

3. Cloning Genes Plasmid vectors Linkers: synthetic DNA fragments containing restriction sites Transformation of host cells with plasmids Selectable markers are used to confirm whether the cells have been transformed or not.

9. TA cloning of PCR product

10. Bacterial transformation Use modified strain of E. coli Restriction system knocked out Recombination system limited LPS is truncated Pores are made in cell membrane by treatment with calcium chloride. Cells must be kept cold to prevent pores from closing

11. Bacterial transformation DNA added to cells forms intimate interaction with membrane Briefly moved to 42° C to heat shock cells Stresses them and causes them to take up DNA