1. The Evolution of a Constitution You will be able to list and explain weaknesses of the articles of confederation. You will be able to identify the key difference between the VA and NJ plans for government. You will be able to explain and discuss the debate between the Federalists and Anti- Federalists.

2. Political Philosophy Of the Founders John Locke -Natural Rights -Life -Liberty -Property

3. Shay’s Rebellion

4. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Problem 1. 2 3 4 New laws needed to be passed by 9/13 states Any law needed would take much time to get passed Any changes to govt. took approval of all 13 states Recent flaws or weaknesses went unchanged Congress did not have power to tax The lack of revenue to pay for services, debts and military Congress could not collect on debts owned by states Inability collect debts meant deeper and deeper into debt, especially to foreign countries

5. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Problem 5. 6 7 8. Congress could not settle disputes between states Constant threat of wars between states. No chance for a unified country No chief executive such as a President Lack leadership to bring unity or settle disputes Congress could not draft men into military service Enemies from abroad made country vulnerable to attack No national court system. States had their own State disputes went unsettled. No appeals process

6. Debates During the Constitutional Convention Philadelphia, 1787

7. Purpose? Reform and Strengthen the Articles of Confederation. They wanted to address the weaknesses of the Articles

8. New Jersey Plan Small states took offense to VA Plan Worried about giving up all power to large states. Only real difference??? –T–The legislative branch would be based on equal representation.

10. Regulation of Trade Key Question: Should Congress have the power to regulate trade?

11. North Economy based on manufacturing and trade Low slave population

12. North Commercial Based economy Count on Congress to protect trade interest Congress should have power to regulate trade

13. South Export economy (tobacco) Feared Congress would favor trade over agriculture Feared a stop on the slave trade States should regulate trade

14. Resolution Congress regulates trade Cannot tax exports Cannot interfere with slave trade for… 20 years

15. Slaves in the population Key Question: Should slaves be counted as a part of the population when determining representation in Congress?

16. “ Slaves are property” Slaves should not be counted toward pop. Slaves should be taxed North Lose Key seats in Congress

17. South Economy based on large scale agriculture Large population of slaves

18. “Slaves labor = to freeman’s labor” Slaves should be counted Slaves should not be taxed Gain important seats in Congress South

19. Resolution 3/5 Compromise 5 slaves=3 people counted Slaves can be taxed Slaves receive no rights Census taken every 10 years

20. Ratification Key Question: Should the Constitution that was produced at the Convention be ratified or approved by the states?

21. Federalists Attended the CC Hamilton and Madison

22. Stressed weaknesses of Articles Necessity for strong central Government Federalists

23. System of Checks and Balances and separation of powers will safeguard rights System of Federalism Called for ratification Federalists

24. Influential state delegates Anti-Federalists Lee and Henry Also called, States righters

25. Anti-Federalists Stressed a revision of Articles Feared an abusive central government Experiences under English rule

26. Insisted on a written guarantee of rights Anti-Federalists

27. Resolution Federalists papers urged ratification Delaware was first to ratify

28. The Federalist Papers 85 total Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison were the authors Explained the Constitution Madison wrote 2 of the most famous: 10 and 51 Federalist #10 – warming about factions and strategies to deal with them Federalist # 51 – elaborates on checks and balances as the solution to factions

29. Heated debates in New York and Virginia All states ratified Promised a written guarantee of rights Resolution

30. Federalism Powers of government is divided between national, state, and local governments Each level of government has its own powers Federal State Local

31. What had to be added? A Bill of Rights WHY? Freedoms from the central government What about state governments? What protection do we have from them?