1. Bye, Bye Birdie: Monitoring Avian Influenza in Florida Danielle Stanek, DVM; Mark Cunningham, DVM, MS & Dan Wolf, DVM Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission & Florida Department of Health IAMSLIC Meeting October 10, 2007

2. Influenza A: an evolving virus! Orthomyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae –Surface spikes Hemagglutinin protein (H) (16 types) Hemagglutinin protein (H) (16 types) Neuraminidase protein (N) (9 types) Neuraminidase protein (N) (9 types) H+N used to name subtypes (H1N1, H3N2) H+N used to name subtypes (H1N1, H3N2)

3. Influenza A Constantly changing Constantly changing –Antigenic drift Small genetic changes Small genetic changes Partial protective immunity Partial protective immunity –Antigenic shift Two different flu viruses mix Two different flu viruses mix Major genetic change Major genetic change Little protective immunity Little protective immunity

5. Influenza A HA and NA Ecology H15 H14 H13 H12 H11 H10 H3 H2 H1 H9 H8 H7 H6 H5 H4 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 N3 N4 N2 N1

6. Avian Influenza Type A influenza viruses associated with avian species Type A influenza viruses associated with avian species Maintained by fecal-oral transmission Maintained by fecal-oral transmission Usually minimal illness Usually minimal illness Water birds appear to act as reservoirs Water birds appear to act as reservoirs –Waterfowl –Shorebirds –Gulls/Terns

7. AI Reservoirs Order Anseriformes: ducks, geese, swans Order Anseriformes: ducks, geese, swans –Prevalence highest in late summer/early fall Order Charadriformes: wading shorebirds Order Charadriformes: wading shorebirds –Prevalence highest in spring

8. AI Reservoirs Charadriformes cont. Family Laridae Family Laridae –Gulls & Terns –Constant low prevalence –Summer peak

9. Avian Influenza Domestic poultry Domestic poultry –Exposed to infected wild or domestic birds –Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) Low sickness and death rate, primarily respiratory signs, decreased egg laying Low sickness and death rate, primarily respiratory signs, decreased egg laying

10. High Path Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 and H7 strains can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 and H7 strains can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza –Mortality 75-100% –Multiple organs affected –Agriculture concerns

11. Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AI Likely wild birds to domestic chickens 1995-96 in China Likely wild birds to domestic chickens 1995-96 in China First wild bird mortalities China 2002 First wild bird mortalities China 2002 Massive mortality waterfowl China 2005 Massive mortality waterfowl China 2005 –5-10% of bar-headed goose population Transmission to humans and other mammals Transmission to humans and other mammals –50-60% fatality rate –Not easily transmissible to humans

12. The natural history of H5N1/ Asian strain Waterfowl Domestic birds Mammals (primarily swine) Waterfowl Humans

13. Close bird contact in poor sanitary conditions

14. Summer 2005 Dr. Jan Landsberg Dr. Jan Landsberg –Harmful algal blooms –Shorebird diseases Dr. Mark Cunningham Dr. Mark Cunningham –Wildlife diseases –Avian influenza surveillance in water birds in water birds

15. Water Bird Mortality Events Necropsies/autopsies Necropsies/autopsies Algal toxin testing Algal toxin testing AI testing AI testing –Cloacal and tracheal swabs

16. 2005 HPAI H5N1 – Surveillance and Detection Of concern in US because of threats to agriculture, human health, wildlife Of concern in US because of threats to agriculture, human health, wildlife Early detection necessary to implement: Early detection necessary to implement: –Agricultural precautions –Health precautions National Early Detection Strategy National Early Detection Strategy

17. National Early Detection System for HPAI H5N1 Wild Migratory Birds Chaired by USDA & USGS Chaired by USDA & USGS Members: Members: –USDA, USGS, USFWS, NPS, International and State Wildlife representatives, State of Alaska, DHHS, CDC, National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (Dr. Blackmore) Input from North American Flyway Councils Input from North American Flyway Councils Mark Peck 2007

18. HPAI H5N1 – Migratory Birds Spread to North America via flyways Spread to North America via flyways

19. Target: Migratory Birds Target: Migratory Birds –Where Alaska/Pacific Flyway Alaska/Pacific Flyway Target species Target species –Florida Ranked Tier 1 & 2 Ranked Tier 1 & 2 1,000 & 650 samples per year 1,000 & 650 samples per year FWC works with USDA Wildlife Services, FWC works with USDA Wildlife Services, FDACS, FDOH, Wildlife Rehabilitators FDACS, FDOH, Wildlife Rehabilitators Approved Labs: FDACS, USGS, NVSL Approved Labs: FDACS, USGS, NVSL National Early Detection System for HPAI H5N1 Wild Migratory Birds

20. National Early Detection Strategy Surveillance of Flyways Surveillance of Flyways –Morbidity/mortality investigations –Hunter-harvested birds –Live capture –Sentinels –Environmental Cooperative Effort Cooperative Effort –State Wildlife Agencies –USDA Wildlife Services

21. FWC Core AI team Core AI team FWC Regional Surveillance Teams FWC Regional Surveillance Teams –Law Enforcement (LE) –Habitat and Species Conservation (HSC) –Hunting and Game Management (HGM) –Florida Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI)

22. FWC Volunteer Training Training ½ day Training ½ day –Department of Ag / Biosecurity –Department of Health / PPE Forms / Shipping Forms / Shipping Supplies Supplies

23. Surveillance – Healthy Birds Hunter Harvested Hunter Harvested –Lesser scaup Hunter-check stations Hunter-check stations Goal: 200/yr Goal: 200/yr Holidays, weekends & the crack of dawn Holidays, weekends & the crack of dawn It’s a religion not a sport It’s a religion not a sport LE 101 LE 101

24. Live Capture Mist netting 1,250 shore birds (or crabs) Mist netting 1,250 shore birds (or crabs) –Permits –Not blind –Changing terrain –Weather

25. Live bird sampling Honeymoon Island State Park

27. Wind & Rain Mike Milleson 2006

29. Cannon Netting Good equipment Good equipment Skill Skill

30. Mark Peck 2006

31. Mark Peck 2007

33. FWC Bird Mortality Database Enter reports of dead wild birds on-line http://myFWC.com/bird Enter reports of dead wild birds on-line http://myFWC.com/bird http://myFWC.com/bird Reports of ≥5 birds Reports of ≥5 birds Immediate e-mail notification of FWC, FDACS, USDA WS, USDA VS, USGS Immediate e-mail notification of FWC, FDACS, USDA WS, USDA VS, USGS

34. Fred Mersch 2007

35. Bird Mortality Investigations: 200

36. Bird Mortality Investigations

38. Duck plague Duck plague Pesticide Toxicity Pesticide Toxicity Fowl cholera Fowl cholera Paramyxovirus / END Paramyxovirus / END Salmonella Salmonella Starvation / Weather related? Starvation / Weather related?

39. FL Surveillance Summary Samples from more than 1,650 birds (FL) Samples from more than 1,650 birds (FL) –7/1/06-1/31/07 –148,976 swabs tested in US No HPAI detected No HPAI detected Standard low pathogenicity AI detected Standard low pathogenicity AI detected –Will be typed to add to our epidemiologic understanding of AI

40. HPAI H5N1- Importation Introduction of HPAI to North America most likely through Introduction of HPAI to North America most likely through Illegal importation of wild/pet birds Illegal importation of wild/pet birds –Pet birds –Fighting birds Poultry products Poultry products –Legal –Illegal Dan Wolf 2007

41. South FL Mortality Event