1. LAN Technologies LAN TECHNOLOGIES

2. Technology Options Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gig Ethernet WLAN LAN Technologies

3. Media Access Ethernet and Wi-Fi are both “multi-access” technologies Broadcast medium, shared by many hosts Simultaneous transmissions will result in collisions Media Access Control (MAC) protocol required Rules on how to share medium The Data Link Layer is divided into two Part MAC Media Access Control) Sublayer and LLC (Logic Link Control) Sublayer LAN Technologies

4. 802.3 Ethernet Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). CS = carrier sense MA = multiple access CD = collision detection Base Ethernet standard is 10 Mbps. 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps standards came later LAN Technologies

5. Ethernet CSMA/CD CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection) media access protocol is used. Data is transmitted in the form of packets. Sense channel prior to actual packet transmission. Transmit packet only if channel is sensed idle; else, defer the transmission until channel becomes idle. After packet transmission is started, the node monitors its own transmission to see if the packet has experienced a collision. If the packet is observed to be undergoing a collision, the transmission is aborted and the packet is retransmitted after a random interval of time using Binary Exponential Backoff algorithm. LAN Technologies

6. Ethernet Address End nodes are identified by their Ethernet Addresses (MAC Address or Hardware Address) which is a unique 6 Byte address. MAC Address is represented in Hexa Decimal format e.g 00:05:5D:FE:10:0A The first 3 bytes identify a vendor (also called prefix) and the last 3 bytes are unique for every host or device LAN Technologies

7. Ethernet Frame Structure Preamble: 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one byte with pattern 10101011 Used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates Addresses: 6 bytes, frame is received by all adapters on a LAN and dropped if address does not match Length: 2 bytes, length of Data field CRC:Cyclical Redundancy Check 4 bytes generated using CR-32, checked at receiver, if error is detected, the frame is simply dropped Data Payload: Maximum 1500 bytes, minimum 46 bytes If data is less than 46 bytes, pad with zeros to 46 bytes LAN Technologies Length

8. Ethernet 10 Base 5 (Thicknet) (Bus Topology) 10 Base 2 (Thinnet) (Bus Topology) 10 Base T (UTP) (Star/Tree Topology) 10 Base FL (Fiber) (Star/Tree Topology) LAN Technologies

9. Ethernet BUS Topology LAN Technologies Repeater

10. Ethernet STAR Topology LAN Technologies Hub

11. Ethernet Physical Media :- 10 Base5 - Thick Co-axial Cable with Bus Topology 10 Base2 - Thin Co-axial Cable with Bus Topology 10 BaseT - UTP Cat 3/5 with Tree Topology 10 BaseFL - Multimode/Singlemode Fiber with Tree Topology Maximum Segment Length 10 Base5 - 500 m with at most 4 repeaters (Use Bridge to extend the network) 10 Base2 - 185 m with at most 4 repeaters (Use Bridge to extend the network) 10 BaseT - 100 m with at most 4 hubs (Use Switch to extend the network) LAN Technologies

12. Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet is an extension of the existing Ethernet standard.Ethernet standard It runs on UTP data or optical fiber cable and uses CSMA/CD in a star wired bus topology, similar to 10BASE-T where all cables are attached to a hub.UTPoptical fiberCSMA/CDstar wired bus topology10BASE-T LAN Technologies

13. Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet provides compatibility with existing 10BASE-T systems and thus enables plug-and-play upgrades from 10BASE-T. Fast Ethernet is sometimes referred to as 100BASE-X where X is a placeholder for the FX and TX variants. LAN Technologies

14. Fast Ethernet → Copper 100BASE-T is any of several Fast Ethernet standards for twisted pair cables, including:twisted pair cables -100BASE-TX (100 Mbit/s over two-pair Cat5 or better cable),Cat5 -100BASE-T4 (100 Mbit/s over four-pair Cat3 or better cable, defunct),Cat3 -100BASE-T2 (100 Mbit/s over two-pair Cat3 or better cable, also defunct). The segment length for a 100BASE-T cable is limited to 100 metres (as with 10BASE-T and gigabit Ethernet). All are or were standards under IEEE 802.3.10BASE-Tgigabit EthernetIEEE 802.3 Almost all 100BASE-T installations are 100BASE-TX. LAN Technologies

15. Fast Ethernet 100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, and runs over two wire-pairs inside a category 5 or above cable (a typical category 5 cable contains 4 pairs and can therefore support two 100BASE-TX links). Like 10BASE-T, the proper pairs are the orange and green pairs (canonical second and third pairs) in TIA/EIA-568- B's termination standards, T568A or T568B. These pairs use pins 1, 2, 3 and 6.10BASE-TcanonicalTIA/EIA-568- B LAN Technologies

16. Fast Ethernet RJ-45RJ-45 Wiring (TIA/EIA-568-B T568B)TIA/EIA-568-B LAN Technologies

17. Fast Ethernet The configuration of 100BASE-TX networks is very similar to 10BASE-T. When used to build a local area network, the devices on the network (computers, printers etc.) are typically connected to a hub or switch, creating a star network. Alternatively it is possible to connect two devices directly using a crossover cable.local area networkhubswitchstar networkcrossover cable LAN Technologies

18. Fast Ethernet → fiberfiber 100BASE-FX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber.optical fiber It uses a 1300 nm near-infrared (NIR) light wavelength transmitted via two strands of optical fiber, one for receive(RX) and the other for transmit(TX).nminfraredwavelength Maximum length is 400 metres (1,310 ft) for half-duplex connections (to ensure collisions are detected), and 2 kilometres (6,600 ft) for full-duplex over multi-mode optical fiber.half-duplexcollisionsmulti-mode optical fiber LAN Technologies

19. Fast Ethernet 100BASE-SX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber. It uses two strands of multi-mode optical fiber for receive and transmit. It is a lower cost alternative to using 100BASE-FX, because it uses short wavelength optics which are significantly less expensive than the long wavelength optics used in 100BASE-FX. 100BASE- SX can operate at distances up to 550 metres (1,800 ft). LAN Technologies

20. Fast Ethernet 100BASE-SX uses the same wavelength as 10BASE- FL, the 10 MBit/s version over optical fiber. Unlike 100BASE-FX, this allows 100BASE-SX to be backwards-compatible with 10BASE-FL. LAN Technologies

21. Fast Ethernet 100BASE-BX is a version of Fast Ethernet over a single strand of optical fiber (unlike 100BASE-FX, which uses a pair of fibers). Single-mode fiber is used, along with a special multiplexer which splits the signal into transmit and receive wavelengths. -Distances can be 10, 20 or 40 km. 100BASE-LX10 is a version of Fast Ethernet over two single-mode optical fibers. single-mode optical fibers - It has a nominal reach of 10 km. LAN Technologies

22. Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is a term describing various technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second, as defined by the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard.Ethernet framesgigabit per secondIEEE 802.3-2008 Half-duplex gigabit links connected through hubs are allowed by the specification but in the marketplace full- duplex with switches is normal.Half-duplexhubsfull- duplexswitches LAN Technologies

23. Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet was deployed in high-capacity backbone network links (for instance, on a high-capacity campus network).backbone network In 2000, Apple's Power Mac G4 and PowerBook G4 were the first mass produced personal computers featuring the 1000BASE-T connection.Apple'sPower Mac G4PowerBook G4 It quickly became a built-in feature in many other computers. As of 2009 Gigabit NICs (1000BASE-T) are included in almost all desktop and server computer systems.NICs LAN Technologies

24. Gigabit Ethernet Higher bandwidth 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards have since become available as the IEEE ratified a fiber- based standard in 2002, and a twisted pair standard in 2006.10 Gigabit Ethernet As of 2009 10Gb Ethernet is replacing 1Gb as the backbone network and has begun to migrate down to high-end server systems. LAN Technologies

25. NameMediumSpecified distance 1000BASE ‑ CXTwinaxial cabling25 meters 1000BASE ‑ SXMulti-mode fiber 220 to 550 meters dependent on fiber diameter and bandwidth 1000BASE ‑ LXMulti-mode fiber550 meters 1000BASE ‑ LXSingle-mode fiber5 km 1000BASE ‑ LX10 Single-mode fiber using 1,310 nm wavelength 10 km 1000BASE ‑ ZX Single-mode fiber at 1,550 nm wavelength ~ 70 km 1000BASE ‑ BX10 Single-mode fiber, over single-strand fiber: 1,490 nm downstream 1,310 nm upstream 10 km 1000BASE ‑ T Twisted-pair cabling (Cat ‑ 5, Cat ‑ 5e, Cat ‑ 6, or Cat ‑ 7) 100 meters 1000BASE ‑ TXTwisted-pair cabling (Cat ‑ 6, Cat ‑ 7) 100 meters

26. Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbps bandwidth. Uses same CSMA/CD media access protocol as in Ethernet and is backward compatible (10/100/100 modules are available). 1000BaseT (UTP), 1000BaseSX (Multimode Fiber) and 1000BaseLX (Multimode/Singlemode Fiber) standards. Maximum Segment Length 1000 Base T - 100m (Cat 5e/6) 1000 Base SX - 275 m (Multimode Fiber) 1000 Base LX - 512 m (Multimode Fiber) 1000 Base LX - 20 Km (Singlemode Fiber) 1000 Base LH - 80 Km (Singlemode Fiber) LAN Technologies

27. 10 Gig Ethernet 10 Gbps bandwidth. Uses same CSMA/CD media access protocol as in Ethernet. Propositioned for Metro-Ethernet Maximum Segment Length 1000 Base-T - Not available 10GBase-LR - 10 Km (Singlemode Fiber) 10GBase-ER - 40 Km (Singlemode Fiber) LAN Technologies