1. How behaviour influences behaviour? Paulo D. Vitória, Portugal (pvitoria@fcsaude.ubi.pt)pvitoria@fcsaude.ubi.pt Lisbon, 6th May 2010

2. 2 Initiation & Cessation What links initiation and cessation? Both are learning processes Both demand the want and the effort of the individual Both demand social influence and support Lets focus first on initiation ===>

3. 3 ASE Model (De Vries et al., 1998; De Vries & Mudde, 1998) Attitude Social Influence Self- efficacy External Factors Motivational Factors IntentionBehaviour Theories of Reasoned Action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980 Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) and Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991, 1988); Aprendizagem Social (Bandura, 1977, 1986);

4. Model (of Social Influence) Attitude Social Influence SN Parents SN Peers DN Parents DN Peers Self- efficacy External Factors Motivational Factors IntentionBehaviour 4 Social Influence: Processes : [(SN+DN+(DP)] X Referents [(Parents+Peers (+siblings)] SN=Subjective Norm DN=Descriptive norm (DP=Direct pressure)

5. Results - Social Influence – Intention – Behaviour T1T2T3 SN Pa SN Pe DN Pa DN Pe Attitude (agaist) Self- efficacy (refusal) Intention T2 Bh T2 Bh. T3 0,420,87 -0,26 0,18 0,14 -0,35 -0,22 SN Pa SN Pe DN Pa DN Pe Attitude (agaist) Self- efficacy (refusal).35 Intention T1 0,30 0,23 0,89 0,80 0,32 0,21 0,24 0,12 0,20 -0,27 -0,30 0,20 -0,21 -0,23 0,22 0,35 R 2 (Intenção T1) = 0,45 R 2 (Intenção T2) = 0,65 R 2 (Comportamento T2) = 0,67 R 2 (Comportamento T3) = 0,76 Pa – Parents Pe - Peers SN – Subjective Norms DN – Descriptive Norms —— Significative effects ------ Non-significative effects χ2(670)=1113,28, p<.000; RMSEA=.034; ECVI=2.45; AIC=1413.28; NNFI=.98; CFI=.98; SRMR=.070; AGFI=.78

6. 6 Conclusions (initiation) Descriptive norms have a direct effect on behaviour Parents and Peers have a direct effect on behaviour through descriptive norms Self-efficacy mediates effects on behaviour Past behaviour have a strong effect on present behaviour

7. 7 Cessation Strategies: Descriptive norms - reverse way (to see others quit) Self-efficacy - reverse way (to see how others quit) Past behaviour influences present behaviour (let’s try to stop / to quit) Trying is an important step to stop and to quit (Difference between stop and quit)

8. 8 Cessation Programs implemented in micro-systems Workplaces Small communities manly through pharmacies (Smoke Free Families)

9. Workplace Program Evaluation Individual level  155 (38%) smokers (N=408)  54 (35%) participated in information sessions  64 (41%) participated in individual counselling  38 (25%) participated in stop smoking program  22 in continuous abstinence after 6 months (14% of the total smokers; 58% of total participants) Organizational level  Prevalence of smokers dropped from 38% to 30% in 1 year

10. How behaviour influences behaviour? Paulo D. Vitória, Portugal (pvitoria@fcsaude.ubi.pt)pvitoria@fcsaude.ubi.pt Lisbon, 6th May 2010