1. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

2. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 15 Social Psychology

3. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Social Psychology 1.Social Cognition 2.Attitudes: Their Formation and Change 3.Stereotypes and Prejudice 4.Social Influences and Group Behavior 5.Interpersonal Attraction and Loving

4. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Social Cognition  Impression Formation  The Self  Attribution  Attributional Biases  Attribution, Heuristics, and Social Cognition

5. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Impression Formation How do we form impressions of others?  Schema are the mental frameworks that organize or synthesize information about a person, place, or thing  Central traits are personality attributes that organize and influence the interpretation of other traits  Primacy Effect is the tendency to form an impression of someone based on the initial information one receives about him/her

6. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Self  Self-concept is one’s knowledge, feelings, and beliefs about him/her.  Self-schema is a mental framework that represents and synthesizes information about oneself

7. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Attribution  Attributions are the processes by which people infer the causes of other people’s behavior  Situational factors: are stimuli in the environment  Dispositional factors: are a person’s traits, needs, and intentions  Kelly’s Theory of Attribution

8. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Attributional Biases  The fundamental attribution error is our tendency to overestimate the significance of internal factors and underestimate the significance of external factors when explaining other people’s behavior  Belief in a just world is when we believe that people get what they deserve

9. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Attributional Biases  Actor-observer effect is when we tend to attribute one’s own behavior to external factors but others’ to internal factors  Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute our accomplishments and successes to internal causes and our failures and mistakes to external causes  Self-handicapping is impairing one’s performance so as to attribute failures situationally and successes dispositionally

10. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Attribution, Heuristics, and Social Cognition  Representativeness heuristic is a general rule for decision making through which people include a person, place, or thing in the category to which it appears most similar  Availability heuristics is a general rule for judging the likelihood or importance of an event by the ease with which examples of that event are recalled

11. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Attitudes: Their Formation and Change  Formation of Attitudes  Attitude Change and Persuasion  Cognitive Dissonance  Self-Perception

12. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Attitude Change and Persuasion Figure 15.1: Elaboration Likelihood Model of Attitude Change

13. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Cognitive Dissonance  The theory that chances in attitude can be motivated by an unpleasant state of tension caused by a disparity between our attitudes and our behavior  Justification

14. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Self-Perception  Self-perception Theory states that we come to understand our attitudes and emotions by observing our own behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs

15. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Stereotypes and Prejudice  The Origins of Prejudice  Self-Fulfilling Prophecies  Hope for Change

16. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Origins of Prejudice  A prejudice is a preconceived opinion or bias, especially a negative attitude or evaluation toward a group of people defined by their racial, ethnic, or religious heritage or by their gender or occupation  Prejudice may lead us to stereotype people or to discriminate against them

17. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Origins of Prejudice  The Role of Competition  The Role of Self-Esteem  The Role of Social Cognition  The Role of Evolution

18. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Self-Fulfilling Prophecies  A self-fulfilling prophecy is a stereotype that causes a person to act in a manner consistent with that stereotype

19. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Hope for Change  If people can be made aware of their prejudices, they may be persuaded that their attitudes are unjustified  Exposure and training to different groups

20. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Social Influences and Group Behavior  Conformity  Social Facilitation  Social Loafing  Commitment and Compliance  Obedience to Authority  Group Decision Making  Resisting Social Influences

21. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Conformity  Conformity is the adoption of the attitudes and behaviors that characterize a particular group of people  Social Norms  Bystander Intervention

22. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 15.3: An Example of the Stimuli Used by Asch (1951)  Which of the three alternatives is the same length as the sample?  Would you change your answer if everyone in the class picked a different answer than you?  What if their answer was wrong?

23. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Social Facilitation and Social Loafing  Social facilitation is when there is an enhancement of task performance because there are other people present  Social loafing is the decreased effort put forth by individuals when working in a group

24. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Commitment and Compliance  Products and opinions are made more attractive when they are demonstrated by attractive people  Attractive people get better compliance

25. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Group Decision Making  Group Polarization is the tendency for the initial position of a group to become more extreme during the discussion preceding a decision  Group Think is the tendency of group members to avoid dissent so as to achieve consensus

26. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 15.6: A Summary of Janis’s Conception of Groupthink

27. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Resisting Social Influence  We can be sensitive to ourselves and to the situation  Try to realize when we are being manipulated

28. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Interpersonal Attraction and Loving  Interpersonal Attraction  Loving

29. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Interpersonal Attraction  Positive Evaluation  Familiarity  Similarity  Physical Appearance

30. Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sternberg’s Theory of Love Based on different combinations of:  Intimacy  Passion  Commitment These elements may combine to form eight different kinds of relationships