1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The Presidency part 3

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President says “No” to Congress –Veto: The president can send a bill back to Congress with his reasons for rejecting it. –It may be overridden with 2/3 vote of both Houses. –Pocket Veto: –a president can let a bill die –by not signing it –and Congress adjourns within 10 days Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President says “No” to Congress –Line Item Veto: ability to veto parts of a bill-- some state governors have it, but not the president –Vetoes are most used to prevent legislation. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President says “Kinda - No” –In a “signing statement”, the president –may comment on a bill he signs. –He sometimes states that he will not implement a bill in the way Congress wrote it –He may say parts are unconstitutional, –typically that parts may conflict with presidential powers Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Madisonian Concern –"accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive and judiciary, in the same hands," is the “definition of tyranny”. –Which president said "when the president does it, that means it's not illegal”? –Richard M. Nixon Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Party Leadership –The Bonds of Party Being in the president’s party creates a psychological bond between legislators and presidents, increasing agreement. –Slippage in Party Support Presidents cannot always count on party support, especially on controversial issues. –Leading the Party Presidents can offer party candidates support and punishment by withholding favors. Presidential coattails occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president’s party because they support the president. Races are rarely won in this way. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Public Support –Public Approval A source of presidential leadership of Congress Public approval gives the president leverage, not command; it does not guarantee success –Mandates Perception that the voters strongly support the president’s character and policies Mandates are infrequent, but presidents claim a mandate anyway

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Legislative Skills –Bargaining: concessions for votes, occurs infrequently –Being strategic, presidents increase chances for success by exploiting “honeymoon” at beginning of term –Presidents may set priorities to influence Congress’ agenda; president is nation’s key agenda builder –Skills must compete with other factors that may affect Congress; they are not at the core of presidential leadership of Congress

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy Chief Diplomat –Negotiates treaties with other countries Treaties must be ratified by 2/3 vote in the Senate –Use executive agreements to take care of routine matters with other countries –May negotiate for peace between other countries –Lead U.S. allies in defense and economic issues

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy Commander-in-Chief –Writers of the Constitution wanted civilian control of the military. –Presidents often make important military decisions. –Presidents command a standing military and nuclear arsenal—unthinkable 200 years ago

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy War Powers –Shared War Powers in Constitution –Congress has the power to declare war. –President, as Commander-in-Chief, can commit troops and equipment in conflicts

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy Declared Wars –War of 1812... Against? –United Kingdom –1846... ? –Mexican-American War –1898... ? –Spanish-American War

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy Declared Wars –1917... ? –Germany & Austria-Hungary (WWI) –1941... ? –Germany, etc. (WWII)

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy “Conflicts” with some Congressional authorization (but no formal War declaration) –1964... ? –Vietnam... Gulf of Tonkin Resolution –1991... ? –Operation Desert Storm... Iraq –2001... ? –Operation Enduring Freedom... Afghanistan –2002... ? –Operation Iraqi Freedom

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy Which “War” was not in either list? –Korean War –This had authorization of a United Nations Security Council resolution –Authorized in 1950... Armistice signed in 1953 by North Korea, China & US –No treaty ever signed... so not “officially” ended –On May 27, 2009, North Korea said –"Our military will no longer be bound by the armistice accord”

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy Yesterday... –U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates said –that if North Korea ever attacked the South, as it did at the start of the Korean War in 1950, –the U.S. would quickly bring "globally available U.S. forces and capabilities" to add to the troops and equipment it already stations in South Korea. –"We will stand together," Mr. Gates said.

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy War Powers –War Powers Resolution (1973) –Intended to limit the president’s use of the military –Requires president to consult with Congress prior to using military force –and withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants and extension –Presidents see the Resolution as unconstitutional

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The President & National Security Policy Crisis Manager –The role the president plays can help or hurt the presidential image. –With current technology, the president can act much faster than Congress to resolve a crisis. Working with Congress –President has lead role in foreign affairs –Presidents still have to work with Congress for support and funding of foreign policies.