1. THERMOBARICITY WORKSHOP POTENTIAL OBSERVATION SYSTEMS

2. Objectives / Constraints High mobility, process orientated measurements Limited field year budget Both logistic and financial cost to every observation Lever on International collaborations

3. Classes Of Observation Systems Shipboard Measurements –Fixed depth instruments –Profiling instruments Buoys –Ice T structure and fluxes –Upper mixed Layer Fluxes AUV surveys - 1 - 10 Km scale structure Floats: RAFOS … regional structure and possibly fluxes Moorings: vertical structure, possibly fluxes. AUV surveys: 1 – 50 Km scale horizontal structure and fluxes Remote Sensing - near real-time SAR imagery

4. Shipboard Fixed Depth Measurements Vertical momentum, heat and salt fluxes High resolution BADCP velocity profiles Vertical position by tracking CTD / dissipation profiles

6. Shipboard Profiling Automated CTD 5m to 500 m range –thermal dissipation rates,  using micro conductivity and thermistors –kinetic energy dissipation rates,  possible with a limited dynamic range Loose tethered Microstructure Profile timeseries of  and  for currents away from the ship –300m depth limit –big issues in tangling with other instruments...

8. Local Buoys and Ice Measurements Determine upper mixed layer ocean fluxes away from the ship –Autonomous Flux Package Determine ice conductive fluxes –Thermistor strings in the ice Determine “local” upper ocean structure –high deployment and recovery costs - limit mobility –Pops buoys - Alice-on-a-string - Crawlers - Auto profiling CTD

10. FLOATS RAFOS and derivative technologies High initial cost in setting up a set of sources Potentially good long-term spatial coverage of vertical ocean structure Ice covered oceans need separate summer deployment and recovery cruises

11. MOORINGS Good long term view of evolving ocean structure at single points Need separate or cooperative summer cruises for deployment and recovery Potential international collaborations Potential for direct flux measurements in low stratification conditions

13. AUV spatial Measurements Carefully define the objectives Acknowledge high costs and logistic burden –recovery and deployment issues in 0.5 - 1 ms -1 currents –what happens if it gets a little lost... Morrison / APL mini AUV - CTD and w’T’ Odessey AUV’s - CTD and dissipation Big AUV’s - CTD and long endurance ….