1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 8 Special Senses

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Senses  General senses of touch  Temperature  Pressure  Pain

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Senses  Special senses  Smell  Taste  Sight  Hearing  Equilibrium

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Eye and Vision  70% of all sensory receptors are in the eyes  Each eye has over a million nerve fibers  Protection for the eye  Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit  A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye  Eyelids and eyelashes  Conjunctiva  Lacrimal apparatus  Extrinsic eye muscles

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye Figure 8.1

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye  Eyelids and eyelashes  Tarsal glands lubricate the eye  Ciliary glands are located between the eyelashes

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye  Conjunctiva  Membrane that lines the eyelids  Connects to the surface of the eye  Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye  Lacrimal apparatus  Lacrimal gland—produces lacrimal fluid  Lacrimal canals—drain lacrimal fluid from eyes  Lacrimal sac—provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal cavity  Nasolacrimal duct—empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye Figure 8.2a

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye Figure 8.2b

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye  Function of the lacrimal apparatus  Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye  Empties into the nasal cavity

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye  Properties of lacrimal fluid  Dilute salt solution (tears)  Contains antibodies and lysozyme

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye  Extrinsic eye muscles  Six muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye  Produce eye movements

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye Figure 8.3a–b

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Accessory Structures of the Eye Figure 8.3c

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye  Layers forming the wall of the eyeball  Fibrous layer  Outside layer  Vascular layer  Middle layer  Sensory layer  Inside layer

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye Figure 8.4a

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye Figure 8.4b

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye: The Fibrous Layer  Sclera  White connective tissue layer  Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”  Cornea  Transparent, central anterior portion  Allows for light to pass through  Repairs itself easily  The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye: Vascular Layer  Choroid is a blood-rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye  Pigment prevents light from scattering  Modified anteriorly into two structures  Ciliary body—smooth muscle attached to lens  Iris—regulates amount of light entering eye  Pigmented layer that gives eye color  Pupil—rounded opening in the iris

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer  Retina contains two layers  Outer pigmented layer  Inner neural layer  Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)  Rods  Cones

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer  Signals pass from photoreceptors via a two- neuron chain  Bipolar neurons  Ganglion cells  Signals leave the retina toward the brain through the optic nerve  Optic disc (blind spot) is where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball  Cannot see images focused on the optic disc

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer Figure 8.5a

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer Figure 8.5b

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer  Neurons of the retina and vision  Rods  Most are found towards the edges of the retina  Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision  All perception is in gray tones

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer  Neurons of the retina and vision  Cones  Allow for detailed color vision  Densest in the center of the retina  Fovea centralis—area of the retina with only cones  No photoreceptor cells are at the optic disc, or blind spot

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Eye: Sensory Layer  Cone sensitivity  Three types of cones  Different cones are sensitive to different wavelengths  Color blindness is the result of the lack of one cone type

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sensitivities of Cones to Different Wavelengths Figure 8.6

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lens  Biconvex crystal-like structure  Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lens Figure 8.4a

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lens  Cataracts result when the lens becomes hard and opaque with age  Vision becomes hazy and distorted  Eventually causes blindness in affected eye

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lens Figure 8.7

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two Segments, or Chambers, of the Eye  Anterior (aqueous) segment  Anterior to the lens  Contains aqueous humor  Posterior (vitreous) segment  Posterior to the lens  Contains vitreous humor

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Segment  Aqueous humor  Watery fluid found between lens and cornea  Similar to blood plasma  Helps maintain intraocular pressure  Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea  Reabsorbed into venous blood through the scleral venous sinus, or canal of Schlemm

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Segment  Vitreous humor  Gel-like substance posterior to the lens  Prevents the eye from collapsing  Helps maintain intraocular pressure

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ophthalmoscope  Instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball  Can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ophthalmoscope

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Wall of Retina as Seen with Ophthalmoscope Figure 8.8

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathway of Light Through the Eye  Light must be focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision  The eye is set for distance vision (over 20 feet away)  Accommodation—the lens must change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away)

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathway of Light Through the Eye Figure 8.9

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathway of Light Through the Eye  Image formed on the retina is a real image  Real images are  Reversed from left to right  Upside down  Smaller than the object

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Images Formed on the Retina Figure 8.10

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Visual Fields and Visual Pathways  Optic chiasma  Location where the optic nerves cross  Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain  Optic tracts  Contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.11 Visual Fields and Visual Pathways

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eye Reflexes  Internal muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system  Bright light causes pupils to constrict through action of radial, circular, and ciliary muscles  Viewing close objects causes accommodation  External muscles control eye movement to follow objects  Viewing close objects causes convergence (eyes moving medially)

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look  Emmetropia—eye focuses images correctly on the retina  Myopia (nearsighted)  Distant objects appear blurry  Light from those objects fails to reach the retina and are focused in front of it  Results from an eyeball that is too long

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look  Hyperopia (farsighted)  Near objects are blurry while distant objects are clear  Distant objects are focused behind the retina  Results from an eyeball that is too short or from a “lazy lens”

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look  Astigmatism  Images are blurry  Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Imbalances of the Eyes  Night blindness—inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night  Color blindness—genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors  Due to the lack of one type of cone (partial color blindness)  Cataracts—when lens becomes hard and opaque, our vision becomes hazy and distorted

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostatic Imbalances of the Eyes  Glaucoma—can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye  Hemianopia—loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes; results from damage to the visual cortex on one side only

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paris as seen with full visual fields

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings binasal hemianopsia

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings bitemporal hemianopia