1. STONES IN COMPRESSION – BOTH NATURALLY & MACHINE PLACED by Dave Derrick

2. COMPRESS: To press or squeeze (something) so that it is smaller or fills less space. COMPRESSION: The act, process, or result of compressing From: The Meriam-Webster on-line dictionary

3. In river engineering, we are talking about stones with a sloped side facing upstream so that flow (water pressure) pushes against the sloped face & pushes the stone down into the bed of the stream (in compression).

4. Several river folk performed literature searches to see if anyone had analyzed how much more stable a stone in compression is compared to a similar stone that was not in compression, but no one has done that research !!! Sounds like an important thesis to me.

5. STONES, & OTHER OBJECTS, NATUALLY IN COMPRESSION

6. Stones naturally in compression With “slabby” stones, “B” axis of stone is almost always parallel to flow. “A” axis (longest side) of stone is perpendicular to flow. Big Piney Creek, AR. Stones are imbricated (overlaying each other) like shingles on a roof.

7. A Hydraulic Cover Stone (HCS) dug into the streambed substrate for stability. Upstream sloped face of HCS is in compression & forces the HCS into the bed. The downstream wake (surface modulation) is the “Hydraulic Cover”. Flow HCS Flow force Force

8. NATURAL-Looking across. Hard to believe the stream moved these stones. Bedload !! High flow compresses stones into the bed of the stream NATURAL-RILEY COUNTY, KS. - PIX BY DERRICK 7-19-2012 Flow force Force

9. NATURAL-Looking US @ rocks in compression. High flow hitting top stone pushes it down into the bottom (footer) stone & into the bed. NATURAL-RILEY COUNTY, KS. - PIX BY DERRICK 7-19-2012

10. FLOOD IN PARK-Looking DS @ picnic table in compression. FLOOD IN PARK AREA-CATFISH CR. PIX DAVE DERRICK-8-5-2011 Flow

11. FLOOD IN PARK-Accelerated flow velocities around vehicle results in a scour hole. Water was several ft deep across entire floodplain. Sloped angle of car into flow resulted in the car being pushed into the ground instead of being carried DS during the flood. FLOOD IN PARK-CATFISH CR. PIX BY REBECCA KAUTEN-8-4-2011

12. FLOOD IN PARK-Looking US. Auto blocked & split flow. Note “shadow” deposition DS of car. FLOOD IN PARK-CATFISH CR. PIX BY REBECCA KAUTEN-8-4-2011

13. GOAL & FUNCTION-BASED DESIGN FOR RIPARIAN & STREAM SYSTEMS THE EIGHTEENMILE CREEK PROJECT PHASE II CONSTRUCTED JUNE 18-20, 2007 by Dave Derrick

14. Vic with a sloped face stone that will be perfect for placing into compression when the sloped side is facing upstream. Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick

15. Vic with a sloped face stone that will be perfect for placing into compression when the sloped side is facing upstream. Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick Flow force Force

16. Looking DS @ a group of several HCS. US stone in compression Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix-Vic DiGialomo

17. Looking US @ same group of 5 Hydraulic Cover Stones Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick

18. THE EIGHTEENMILE CREEK PROJECT A LINE OF STONES IN COMPRESSION THAT WILL PROTECT THE FISHERMAN’S WALKING PATH

19. Flow from left, looking @ stones in compression. Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick See the footer stone? Attack Flow

20. Close-up of fisherman’s path stones in compression. Flow hits angled upstream face of stone, which pushes that stone into the footer stone, which is then pushed down into the bed of the stream (compression), resulting in a very stable structure. Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-June 2007, Pix by Derrick See the footer stone? Attack Flow

21. It’s all about the fishing!!!! Construction-18 Mile Creek, Phase II-Fall 2007

22. This PowerPoint presentation was developed & built by Dave Derrick. Any questions or comments, call my personal cell @ 601-218-7717, or email @ d_derrick@r2d-eng.com Enjoy the information!! d_derrick@r2d-eng.com

23. KAYLYN LOUISE DERRICK, AGE ½.