1. Joe Mallet

2.  Behaviour: The way organisms respond to the environment and to other members of the same species 1. Innate: Instinctive, automatic, reflex. E.g. The scattering of woodlice found under stones in damp places when exposed to light. 2. Learned: Experiences are retained and used to modify behaviour in the future. Involves adaptations such as habituation and conditioning. Most animals display a range of both types of behaviour.

3.  A type of learning involving the repeated application of a stimulus, resulting in decreasing responsiveness. Eventually it will not respond at all.  Non-dangerous repeated stimuli are learnt to be ignored.  This saves an organism’s time and energy and increases the chance of survival and reproduction  E.g. When a snail is touched with a leaf it withdraws into its shell. Upon repetition, the time taken for it to re-emerge decreases.  E.g. Humans can sleep through loud traffic noise as a result of habituation.

4.  Form of learning where an association is made between a significant and neutral stimulus 1. Classical: e.g. Pavlov’s dogs experiment 2. Operant: Association made between a response and a reinforcement. E.g. Birds turning over rocks to discover edible insects; or electric fences deterring transgression

5.  The ability to express learned information  Involves learning, storage, retention and retrieval processes  Memory is split up into short term and long term

6.  Repeated arrival of impulses on the pre- synaptic terminals of sensory neurones leads to: 1. Inactivation of Calcium ion channels there 2. Less neurotransmitter released here Leads to progressive diminution of sensitivity

7.  When a stimulus is in the form of an intense shock, serotonin is released  Serotonin triggers an enhanced uptake of Calcium ions in the terminal  Thus more neurotransmitter is released and a higher frequency of action potentials is generated

8.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dN- CIU3O76E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dN- CIU3O76E