2. Organism: __________________________________________________ Species: organisms whose members are ___________ and successfully __________________ among themselves Example: Horse and Donkey – These are NOT the same species because when they mate, they produce offspring (___________) which, when mated, cannot produce offspring. Example: St. Bernard and Beagle – These are animals of the same species, because when they mate, they produce offspring (____________) which can produce more offspring. Evolution is ____________________________________. Millions of different types of species are alive today. Generally this diversity of species developed through gradual processes of change occurring over many generations. Species get many of their unique characteristics through biological adaptation, which involves the selection of naturally occurring variations in populations (______________ _______________). Biological adaptations are differences in structures, behaviors, or physiology that help their survival and reproductive success in a particular environment. In other words, an adaptation is _________ ________________________________________________________________ any living thing alike reproduce mules puppies the change in a species over time natural selection something an organism is born with that helps it survive in its environment

3. Example of Natural Selection: A species of moth (the peppered moth) had dark speckles on its light colored wings in different variations. When the place they lived became industrialized and made a lot of smoke and soot, the number of light colored moths began to get smaller as the number of darker colored moths increased. Why? _____________________________________________ This natural selection occurred as a result of an __________________ change (pollution). Changes in the environmental conditions can affect the survival of individual organisms with a particular trait. Some individual organisms with certain traits are more likely to survive and have offspring than those without those traits. Small differences between parents and offspring can accumulate in each new generation (through ____________ _______________). One example is the evolution of the horse. When pollution caused the environment to be covered with black soot, the dark moths blended in and their predators couldn’t see them. The light moths showed up better and got eaten. environmental sexual reproduction

4. How do scientists know that the horse changed over millions of years? They study _____________ found in __________________ rock layers. The most recently formed rock layers have fossils that are most similar to present organisms. The deeper into the ground a layer of sedimentary rock is found, the _____________ the fossils will be in it. Fossils also show that many species of organisms existed in the past. Although the time needed for change in a species is usually great (like the ___________), some species of insects and bacteria have undergone significant change in just a few years (like the _____________ ____________). fossils sedimentary older horse peppered moth

5. Human activities such as selective breeding and advances in genetic engineering may affect the variations of species. Example of selection that is NOT natural: Humans have bred dogs so that there are many different breeds of dogs with particular characteristics. ______________ are tiny dogs. _______________ are short, long-bodied dogs bred to chase gophers down holes. _______________ are large-headed, shmush- nosed dogs which are so oddly shaped that they can’t be born naturally, but must be born by Caesarian section. This type of dog could never survive in nature! ChihuahuasDaschundsBulldogs

6. INSECTS Insects are the world’s most abundant creatures. Scientists have identified almost 1,000,000 different species of insects – more than kinds of other creatures all together. Insects have many characteristics in common which fit them into the category of insects. They also have many differences. 1. The 3 parts of an insect’s body are the ___________, ___________, and the ________________. 2. Insects have ___ pairs of legs (___ legs altogether). 3. The hard, outer shell of an insect is called the _________________ and is made of ___________. 4. The place that a creature lives and all its surroundings is called its ____________________________. 5. There are 2 main types of insect mouths – those used for ______________ and those used for ________________. 6. The upper jaws used for crushing are called ____________ and the bottom jaws used for holding and moving food are called _____________________. 7. The skinny tube used to suck food is called the ______________________. head thorax abdomen 36 exoskeletonchitin environment chewingsucking mandibles maxillae proboscis

7. 8. Insects have 2 types of eyes: ________________ and _______________. 9. The ____________ eyes can only detect light or dark. The _____________ eyes can make a picture of what the insect is looking at and has hundreds of tiny ___________. 10. The _____________ contain organs of taste, touch, smell, and sometimes hearing. An insect has ___ of these. 11. Hearing organs can also be found on the ______________ of crickets or on the ____________________ of grasshoppers. 12. The middle body segment is the ___________________. 13. All ___ legs and the __________ are attached to this segment. 14. Types of insect wings are A. ______________________ (flies, bees, dragonflies) B. ______________________ (grasshopper, cricket) C. ______________________ (beetles, stink bugs) D. Feathery or scaly (__________, ______________) E. No wings (_________, __________) simple compound simple compound lenses antennae 2 forelegs abdomen thorax 6wings membranous leathery hard moths butterflies ants fleas

8. 15. Label the parts of the insect leg: (connects leg to thorax) (claws and pads) 16. The _________________ contains the digestive system and other organs. LIFECYCLES 17. An insect which has little change in the way it looks from birth to adult is said to have _____ _____________________. 18. Examples of insects with the lifecycle in #17 above are ______________ and ____________________________. 19. ___________________ __________________ happens when the young insect looks like the adult, but some body parts don’t work yet. (Examples: _________________, ________________________. 20. The young insect in #19 above is called a ____________. They may have ______________ heads and ______ wings. coxa femur tibia tarsus abdomen no metamorphosis silverfish cockroaches Incomplete metamorphosis crickets grasshoppers nymph large no

9. 21. The 4-stage lifecycle is called ________________ ______________. (Examples: ________, _______________, ___________, ___________, _______) 22. The four stages are A. _______________ B. ________________ C. ________________ D. ________________ 23. The pupa stage for a butterfly is called the ______________ and for a moth is called the _________________. Their larvae are called ___________________. 24. Some ways insects survive being eaten by predators are A. ____________ ____________ - Insects produce chemicals in the form of 1. ___________ which is injected through a stinger (ex: _____, _____) 2. __________ which is sprayed from the rear end (ex: ______ ________) 3. _________ _____ ___________ mixture which can cause blisters (ex: _________________ __________ 4. ________________ that taste bad (ex: _____________, ____________) 5. _____________ on the hairs of some caterpillars complete metamorphosis moths butterflies beetles bees ants egg larva pupa adult chrysalis cocooncaterpillars Chemical Warfare Poisonwasps bees Acidwood ants Boiling hot poison Bombardier beetle Chemicals Monarchs ladybugs Poison

10. B. Warning Signs that an insect is poisonous are _________ ____________ with _________ ______________. The main colors used are _________, __________, _____________, ____________, and _______________. C. ________________ is when harmless insects look like poisonous insects. Birds won’t eat them because they look _________________ even though they aren’t. (Ex: viceroy and monarch butterflies) D. ____________________ is when an insect is colored or shaped to blend in with its surroundings. E. Insects can ______________ themselves to look like another animal or flower. F. Markings on an insect’s body or wings that look like ________ of a larger animal scare off predators. bright colors bold markings red yellow orange black white Mimicry poisonous Camouflage disguise eyes

11. G. _____________ is the hard, horny coverings of beetles which make them hard to eat. H. ________________ insects use are stingers, sharp jaws, and spines. I. Some insects ____________ _____ __________ so they are hard to see. J. To escape a predator, an insect may _________, ________, or ________ away. K. Insects may try to ___________ from a predator. L. Some insects travel in _________ __________ for protection. Army ants Armor Weapons move at night run fly swim hide large groups

12. Label the head, thorax, abdomen, antenna, mouth, simple eye, compound eye, legs, fore wing, and hind wing in the diagram below. __________ ___________ ____________ ____________________ __________ _________ Compound eye AntennaSimple eye Fore wing ________ Hind wing Abdomen Head Thorax Legs

13. ***All organisms must be able to obtain and use ______________ (food, water, air), grow, reproduce, and maintain stable internal conditions while living in a constantly changing external environment. Organisms respond to internal or environmental _________________. Animals and plants have a great variety of body plans and internal structures that contribute to their ability to maintain a balanced condition. This can be seen in the insect world where some insects have body plans to live on __________, others have body plans to live in _____________, and others have body plans to live in ___________. They also have different structures for obtaining food such as the different types of ____________ parts. They have internal organs for circulating food and oxygen to all parts of the body. An organism’s overall body plan and its environment determine the way that the organism carries out the life processes. Having ________ or hopping __________ or __________________ are examples of how insects’ different body plans help them survive in particular environments. resources stimuli land water air mouth wings legs w camouflage