1. 1 Psychology 305A: Personality Psychology February 6 Lecture 9

2. Psychology 3052 Scoring Your Questionnaire: BAS/BIS 1.Reverse score items 10 and 19 (change response options as follows: 4  1, 3  2, 2  3, 1  4). 2.Sum the following items: 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 19 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 9, 11, 13, 18 14, 16, 17, 20 2

3. Psychology 3053 The Biological Perspective 3 3. What personality characteristics are heritable? 1. What are the goals of behavioural genetics? 2. What are heritability and environmentality and how are they assessed?

4. A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 4

5. 3. contrast adoption studies and twin studies. 5 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 5 2. define the terms heritability and environmentality. 1. review the goals of behavioural genetics.

6. 6 6. discuss the heritability of diverse personality characteristics. 5. identify temperaments proposed in the literature. 4. discuss criticisms of adoption studies and twin studies.

7. Psychology 3057 What are the goals of behavioural genetics? Goal 1: To determine the degree to which individual differences in personality characteristics are caused by genetic factors versus environmental factors: 7

8. Psychology 3058 V P = V G + V E V P = Variation in an observable personality characteristic within a population. V G = Variation in the genetic factors that contribute to that characteristic. V E = Variation in the environmental factors that contribute to that characteristic. 8

9. Psychology 3059 Goal 2: To identify the genetic factors that contribute to individual differences in specific personality characteristics. E.g., the gene D4DR on chromosome 11 contributes to individual differences in “sensation seeking” (also referred to as novelty seeking). Goal 3: To identify the environmental factors that contribute to individual differences in specific personality characteristics. 9

10. Psychology 30510 Heritability: The proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to genotypic variance. What are heritability and environmentality and how are they assessed? Phenotypic variance: Individual differences in an observable characteristic (e.g., height, aggression, extraversion). Genotypic variance: Individual differences in genetic makeup. 10

11. Psychology 30511 E.g., Heritability of aggression =.67. Indicates that 67% of the observed variance in aggression within a population is due to individual differences in genetic makeup. 11

12. Psychology 30512 Environmentality: The proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to variance in environmental factors. E.g., Environmentality of ambition =.62. Indicates that 62% of the observed variance in ambition within a population is due to individual differences in environmental factors. 12

13. Psychology 30513 Heritability and environmentality are assessed using 2 methods: 13 1. Adoption Studies  Examine whether adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents with respect to a given characteristic.

14. Psychology 30514  For a given personality characteristic, two correlations are calculated: r 2 : The correlation between participants’ scores and the scores of their adoptive parents on the characteristic (reflects the influence of shared environment).  r 1 > r 2 indicates that the personality characteristic is heritable. r 1 : The correlation between participants’ scores and the scores of their biological parents on the characteristic (reflects the influence of shared genes). 14

15. Psychology 30515 2. Twin Studies  Examine whether monozygotic (MZ) twins are more similar than dizygotic (DZ) twins with respect to a given characteristic.  MZ twins share 100% of the same genes; DZ twins share 50% of the same genes. 15  A more powerful means by which to assess heritability and environmentality.

16. Psychology 30516  For a given personality characteristic, two correlations are calculated: r 2 : The correlation between DZ twins on the characteristic (reflects a small degree of genetic overlap).  r 1 > r 2 indicates that the personality characteristic is heritable. r 1 : The correlation between MZ twins on the characteristic (reflects a large degree of genetic overlap). 16

17. Psychology 30517  E.g., Dominance: r 1 =.57 (MZ twins) r 2 =.12 (DZ twins) Heritability = 2 (r 1 –r 2 ) Environmentality = (1.00–heritability) = 2 (.57–.12) =.90 = 1.00-.90 =.10 17

18. Psychology 30518 What personality characteristics are heritable? Temperaments Temperaments: Personality characteristics that appear during the 1 st year of life, persist across the lifespan, have a pervasive influence on behaviour, and are highly heritable. Buss and Plomin (1984) identified 3 temperaments: 18

19. Psychology 30519 1.Activity level: Degree to which an individual expends physical energy through motor activity (i.e., intensity of behaviour, speed of action). 2.Sociability: Degree to which an individual prefers to be with others rather than be alone. 3.Emotionality: Degree to which an individual becomes physiologically aroused in upsetting situations. Comprised of 3 components: anger, distress, and fear. 19

20. Psychology 30520 EAS Temperament Survey Score on items: 2, 7, 10, 17 = Activity Level 1, 6, 15, 20 = Sociability 5, 8, 13, 18 = Emotionality: Anger 4, 9, 11, 16 = Emotionality: Distress 3, 12, 14, 19= Emotionality: Fear 20

21. Psychology 30521 EAS Temperament Survey Means and Standard Deviations (Naerde et al., 2004), N = 939 MeanSD Activity level3.10.69 Sociability3.76.60 Emotionality: Anger2.94.69 Emotionality: Distress2.33.72 Emotionality: Fear 2.22.60 21

22. Psychology 30522 Heritability statistics (Wlodzimierz et al.,2003): Activity level:.58 Sociability:.42 Emotionality—Anger:.62 Emotionality—Distress:.54 Emotionality—Fear:.70 22

23. Other temperaments proposed in the literature: Effortful control/impulsivity (e.g., Kochanska & Knaack, 2003). Approach/avoidance (e.g., Rothbart et al., 2001; Eisenberg et al., 2004). Intelligence (e.g., Plomin, 1989). Behavioural inhibition (i.e., shyness; e.g., Kagan, 2011; Kagan & Snidman, 1991). 23

24. Psychology 30524 The Big 5 dimensions Heritability statistics (Jang et al., 1998; see also Yamagata et al., 2006): Extraversion:.50 Agreeableness:.48 Conscientiousness:.49 Neuroticism:.49 Openness to Experience:.48 24

25. Psychology 30525 Personality disorders Heritability statistics (Coolidge et al., 2001): Avoidant personality disorder:.61 Borderline personality disorder:.76 Histrionic personality disorder:.79 Narcissistic personality disorder:.66 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder:.77 25

26. Psychology 30526 Heritability statistics (Blonigen et al., 2003; Bouchard et al., 1990; Tellegen et al., 1988): Fearlessness ………………………………………… >.95 Carefree Nonplanfulness (i.e., impulsiveness)……....94 Machiavellianism (i.e., enjoys manipulating others)....74 Social potency (i.e., skilled at influencing others) …..66 Aggressiveness ………………………………………...67 26 Psychopathy

27. Psychology 30527 Heritability statistics (Bouchard et al., 1990; Tellegen et al., 1988) Creativity or imagination …………………………..74 Sense of alienation …………………………..........59 Traditionalism ………………………………….…...59 Low risk taking ……………………………………...45 Achievement orientation ………………….............38 Other personality characteristics 27

28. 3. contrast adoption studies and twin studies. 28 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 28 2. define the terms heritability and environmentality. 1. review the goals of behavioural genetics.

29. 29 6. discuss the heritability of diverse personality characteristics. 5. identify temperaments proposed in the literature. 4. discuss criticisms of adoption studies and twin studies.