1. 1492 End of the Middle Ages? Renaissance (“rebirth”): Starting in Italy in 14th c. Spreading to rest of Europe in later 15th c. Continuing until early 17th c.

2. 1422-61 Reign of Charles VII BurgundyAnjouOrleansBourbon 1461-83 Reign of Louis XI Takes control of Anjou, Orleans, Bourbon 1467 Accession of Charles the Rash of Burgundy

3. Map Link: France in 1453 (bottom map): <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/ shepherd_1911/shepherd-c-081.jpgshepherd_1911/shepherd-c-081.jpg>

4. Charles attempts to conquer Alsace and Lorraine Opposed by machinations of Louis, but initially successful 1476 Charles’ forces defeated by Swiss (twice)

5. Map Link: Burgundian Territories during the Reign of Charles the Rash: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ Karte_Haus_Burgund_4_EN.png/426px-Karte_Haus _Burgund_4_EN.png_Burgund_4_EN.png>

6. 1477 Charles killed at Nancy Mary, daughter of Charles, marries heir to Holy Roman Empire Burgundy passes to France Low Countries pass to Holy Roman Empire

7. House of Hapsburg End 15th c. Principalities of Holy Roman Empire establishing strong independent rule 1495 Milan appeals to French for aid against Naples, gets invasion

8. Map Link: Europe in the 15th c.: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/europe_15thhttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/europe_15th _colbeck.jpg_colbeck.jpg>

9. 1291 Forest Cantons form league, start of the Swiss Confederation 1315 Swiss defeat (Hapsburg) Duke of Austria. League grows 1386 Swiss defeat Hapsburgs (again)

10. Map Link: The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 to the sixteenth c.: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/ de/Old_Swiss_Confederation.jpg/800px-Old_ Swiss_Confederation.jpgSwiss_Confederation.jpg>

11. Map Link: Europe about 1560: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ europe_1560.jpgeurope_1560.jpg>

12. 15th c. Wars of the Roses Social Classes in England: Aristocracy Gentry & Merchants Yoemen Peasants

13. Map Link: Important locations in the Wars of the Roses: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/ 4/46/Map-_Wars_of_the_Roses.jpg/398px-Map- _Wars_of_the_Roses.jpg_Wars_of_the_Roses.jpg>

14. Henry VI (r. 1422-61) 1455 Start of Wars of the Roses, initially btw. Richard of York and Queen Margaret YorkLancaster 1460 Lancastrians defeat Yorkists, kill Richard 1461 Yorkist Edward defeats Lancastrians, becomes king (Edward IV, r. 1461-83)

15. 1483 Death of Edward. Richard of Gloucester begins to arrange coronation of Edward’s son, but parliament declares sons illegitimate. Richard becomes king (Richard III, r. 1483-85) 1485 Henry Tudor (Lancastrian) arrives in England with French support, defeats Richard III at Bosworth Field, becomes Henry VII (r. 1485-1509). He marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, uniting houses of York and Lancaster

16. Renaissance Religion: Flagellants Visionaries and preachers Saints (e.g Catherine of Siena, canonised 1461) Religion in art (e.g. by Michelangelo Buonarroti [1475-1564])

17. Columbus: a religious missionary? Protestant Reformation Catholic Counter-Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) - influence of Hus and Wycliffe

18. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) Born in Florence. Humanist education Politician and ambassador 1512 Medicis take over Florence. Machiavelli forced to retire

19. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) 1513 Accused of conspiring against Medicis. Imprisoned and tortured. Eventually released. Withdraws to farm and writes, incl: The Prince (pub. 1532) Discourses on the Ten Books of Titus Livy Eventually returned to favour, within limits