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The Great Migration and Harlem Renaissance

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1 The Great Migration and Harlem Renaissance

2 Great Migration Stats 1910: 7mm of 8mm African Americans live in South
By % move North Increase in black population by city: New York 55% Chicago 155% Cleveland 307% Philadelphia 500% Detroit 611%

3 Why? Boll Weevil destroys cotton, 1898 World War I Jim Crow
Halts immigration Stimulates industry Creates labor shortage Jim Crow Jacob Lawrence

4 Who and how? Most young men Over half from cities
Labor agents give train passes Ads in black newspapers Letters home read aloud in church Many went in stages

5

6 Once in the North Scapegoated for wage drops Residential segregation
City ordinances (till 1917) Restrictive covenants (till 1948) White flight Overcrowding 40 people/acre in Cleveland Health problems Infant mortality is double

7 Race Riots “Red Summer” Chicago 1919 Tulsa 1921 Beach dispute
38 killed Tulsa 1921 300 killed 6000 imprisoned Attempted lynching

8 African American Protest
NAACP wins court cases vs Grandfather clause (1915) Segregation ordinances (1917) Urban League finds jobs Marcus Garvey forms Universal Negro Improvement Association Racial pride, self-help, rejects integration 700 branches and 200,000 subscribers Many businesses Charged with mail fraud and deported

9 Development of New York City
Commission plans grid plan for New York, long before streets are built Development moves inexorably uptown Significant African-American population always on margins, moves uptown too.

10 Late 19thc Manhattan African-Americans mostly in Tenderloin, San Juan Hill Harlem is partly undeveloped, with some mansions, upper-middle-class row houses and tenements, mostly Jewish and Italian.

11 Real Estate Development in Harlem
Mostly built by speculators. Boom follows plan for subway connection.

12 Strivers Row

13 Harlem Transformed into “Black Mecca” in early 20th c
Harlem boom turns to bust – many vacant buildings Great Migration doubles migration rate of African-Americans to New York Vacancy rates San Juan Hill are 3% African-Americans must pay 20-30% more rent African-Americans feel unsafe Tenderloin - riots Booker T. Washington urge settlement uptown. Philip Payton helps landlords fill buildings with African-Americans Many whites refuse to live near African-Americans – 1901 riots encourage more to leave.

14 Churches move to Harlem
St. Philips Church, Episcopalian

15 Harlem Renaissance Harlem becomes intellectual and artistic center
Jazz Poet, Langston Hughes Novelist, Zora Neale Hurston Artists William Johnson, Palmer Hayden The Janitor who Paints, Palmer Hayden

16 Harlem Renaissance Harlem becomes intellectual and artistic center
Jazz Duke Ellington Poet, Langston Hughes Novelist, Zora Neale Hurston Artists William Johnson, Palmer Hayden, Jacob Lawrence The Janitor who Paints, Palmer Hayden

17 William Johnson, Moon over Harlem

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