1. Chapter 4.3

2.  Why did the colony of New Netherlands become the colony of New York?  Why did New Jersey separate from New York  How was Pennsylvania founded?  What was life like in the middle Colonies?

3. PLEASE READ PAGES 113-117

4.  Sir George Calvert received grant for colony  Calvert had become Roman Catholic, ruined career  Create a colony where English Catholics could live

5.  200 colonists land on upper Chesapeake Bay across from Virginia colony  Avoided swampy areas, built St. Mary, first town  Baltimore made large land grants.

6.  Lord Baltimore welcomed Protestants  Created Act of Toleration, law provided religious freedom for all Christians  Did not extend to Jews (similar to most colonies of that time).

7.  Wealthy planter owned good lands that profited from tobacco, new arrivals push westward into Native American lands  Cause conflicts and bloody clashes.  Governor refused to act.  Nathaniel Bacon, ambitious, young planter organized angry men and women on frontier. Uprising called Bacon’s Rebellion. Bacon died, so the to the rebellion.

8.  William Penn founded colony in 1681.  Joined the Quakers, one most despised religious groups.  Quakers were Protestant reformers, all people were equal in sight of God.

9. More about the Quakers  The “Holy Experiment”, Penn wanted a colony based on a model of religious freedom, peace and Christian living.  Spoke out for fair treatment of Native Americans, insisted that all settlers pay for land.  Native American respected Penn for his efforts, allowing settlers many years of peace.

10.  Penn sent pamphlets to Europe describing the colony.  New arrivals came from England, Scotland, Wales, France, Netherlands, and Germany  German speaking Protestants who become Pennsylvania Dutch  1730-1750, African slaves came to the colony, making up 1/3 rd of population, centered around Philadelphia.

11.  James Oglethorpe  Soldier-Reformer  Attracted debtors (people who owed money).  Georgia became haven for debtors.  Created large plantations and slavery labor dependent.  Founded Savannah (Port City)

12. Two Ways of Life  Tidewater Plantation of wealth planters with large number of slaves working fields, only smaller percentage of white southerners owned plantations  More profitable to raise tobacco and rice  20-100 slaves worked the fields  Planters settled along rivers  Rivers provided a way to move goods to market  Most plantations had docks so that merchants ships could pick up the crops

13. Growing Seasons  Women tended to the plantation, they managed the slaves and ensured the house ran smoothly  Planters decided which crops to plant and were involved in politics.  Slaves played a crucial role in the success with their skills learned in West Africa

14.  West of the Tidewater, life was more democratic.  Settler treated everyone as equals  Settlers had to be self sufficient, working on small farms  Buckskins, hunting, simple life  Few enslaved workers tilled the small farms.

15.  1700’s, plantations in the South became dependent on slave labor.  Slaves cleared land, harvested crops, and tended livestock  To maintain the supply of slaves, it depended on a global system of slave trade

16.  In Africa, slavery was part of the social and economic system.  Slaves were people who were captured in war  Slave Trading was big business  Millions were enslaved

17.  Slaves were tightly crammed on ships  Many died during the Atlantic crossing, estimates run as high as 20%  Many died of illnesses and overcrowded conditions.

19.  Slave Codes – treated all enslaved Africans not as human beings but as chatel or property, therefore they did not have rights.  Most English colonist believe Africans as inferior.  A belief of that one race is superior to another race is called racism.