1. Understanding Organic Compounds Research Biology

2. Objective What are the functions of each group of organic compounds?

3. Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms. As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain. Section 2-3 Interest Grabber Life’s backbone

4. MethaneAcetyleneButadieneBenzene Isooctane

5. Macromolecules “giant molecules” Formed by a process called polymerization

6. Monomers Smaller units

7. Polymers Linked up monomers

8. Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1:2:1 Main source of energy The monomers of starch are sugars

9. Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides

10. Starch Glucose

11. Lipids Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms Used to store energy

12. Lipid Glycerol Fatty Acids

13. Proteins Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids

14. Amino Acids General structureAlanineSerine Carboxyl group

15. More than 20 different amino acids, can join to any other amino acid The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA Each protein has a specific role The shape of proteins can be very important

16. Proteins Amino Acids

17. Nucleic Acids Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Double Helix

18. Nucleotides Consists of 3 parts: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base Nitrogen Base 5-Carbon Sugar Phosphate group

19. 2 kinds of nucleic acids RNA (ribonucleic acids) – contains sugar ribose DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – contains sugar deoxyribose

20. Organic Compound Review Questions

21. 1.Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acids 2. Describe at least one function of each group of organic compounds carbohydrates – energy lipids – store energy proteins – form tissue nucleic acids – transmit hereditary information

22. 3. Compare the structures and functions of lipids and starches Lipids are made from carbon and hydrogen. Starches are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They both can be used to store energy

23. Understanding Enzymes Notes

24. Objectives What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions? How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur? Why are enzymes important to living things?

25. The Big Idea Living things are made up of chemical compounds Everything that happens to an organism is based on chemical reactions

26. Chemical Reactions A process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another

27. Reactants Elements or compounds that enter into a reaction

28. Products Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

29. Example Reaction: Getting rid of carbon dioxide In the blood In the lungs CO 2 + H 2 0  H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid) H 2 CO 3  CO 2 + H 2 O Released as you breathe

30. Energy in reactions Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants

31. Activation Energy The energy that is needed to get a reaction started

33. Enzymes Some chemical reactions are too slow or have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts

34. Catalyst Substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions Work by lowering a reactions activation energy

35. Enzyme Biological catalysts Speed up reactions in cells Very specific Named for the reaction is catylzes Enzyme names always end in - ase

36. Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products

37. Substrates The reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions The active site of the enzyme and the substrate have complementary shapes Fit like a lock and key

38. Enzyme Action Enzyme – substrate complex

39. Glucose Substrates ATP Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme (hexokinase) ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate Products are released Active site

40. Regulation of Enzyme Activity Enzymes are affected by any variable that affects chemical reactions 1.pH 2.Temperature 3.Concentration of enzyme

41. Understanding Enzymes Review Questions

42. 1.What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions Bonds are broken in reactants and new bonds are formed in products 2. Describe the role of energy in chemical reactions some chemical reactions release energy, and other chemical reactions absorb energy. Energy changes determine how easily a chemical reaction will occur

43. 3. What are enzymes, and how are they important to living things? Enzymes are biological catylasts. Cells use enzymes to speed up virtually every important chemical reaction that takes place in cells

44. 4. Describe how enzymes work, including the role of the enzyme substrate complex Substrates, the reactants of an enzyme-catylzed reaction, attach to the enzyme at an active site and form an enzyme – substrate complex. Once the complex is formed, the enzyme helps convert substrate into product

45. 5. A change in pH can change the protein. How might a change in pH affect the function of an enzyme such as hexokinase (hint: think about the analogy of the lock and key) A change in pH could change the shape of hexokinase. This change would diminish the ability of glucose and ATP to bind to the active site of the enzyme.