1. Organism Metaphor: An amalgam of several lines of thought Internal Integration Organization as Open Systems Contingency Theory Population Ecology Organizational Ecology Longitude (or life span) of institutions Application to Columbia experience? Application to your work experience? Considerations regarding public sector organizations?

2. Internal Integration Treating workers in a flexible, human context rather than as cogs in a machine Application to Columbia experience? Application to your work experience? Considerations regarding public sector organizations?

3. Organization as Open Systems The importance of environments –Management role: ascertaining their impacts –Understanding the inter- relationship (or lack thereof) among relevant subsystems Recognizing variations among organization environments (and their implications on the internal functioning of organizations) Application to Columbia experience? Application to your work experience? Considerations regarding public sector organizations?

4. Contingency Theory stableTurbulent environment defensive Proactive strategy routine Complex technology instrumental Self-actualizing human mechanisticOrganic structure Authortar.Democratic Mngt D D D D D D Application to Columbia experience? Application to your work experience? Considerations regarding public sector organizations?

5. Natural Selection; Population Ecology: Niche Theory The “fit” (or ability to find resource niche) of some “subpopulation” within a universe of like organizations …questions the importance of the management capability issue Application to Columbia experience? Application to your work experience? Considerations regarding public sector organizations?

6. Organizational Ecology Symbiotic “co- creation between organization and element in the environment Application to Columbia experience? Application to your work experience? Considerations regarding public sector organizations? (don’t over-simplify)

7. Longitude (or life span) of institutions (from Frederickson’s “gardening” essay The organization’s present is a function of its history and evolution Application to Columbia experience? Application to your work experience? Considerations regarding public sector organizations?