1. The Hydrosphere and Water Quality EOG Review

2. Hydrosphere Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Collection Water Quality Temperature Thermal Pollution pH Turbidity Biological Indicators Cohesion Adhesion Universal Solvent Define the following terms in your Study Guide.

3. Anything related to water is a part of the hydrosphere. The water on Earth makes up the Hydrosphere. The Hydrosphere includes oceans, rivers, streams, lakes and other bodies of water. The Hydrosphere also includes water frozen in the polar ice caps and water vapors in the atmosphere  Water distribution on earth * Surface Water *Ground Water *Oceans *Local River Basins *Local Water Availability

4. Movement of Water The Water Cycle

5. The water cycle is a constant recycling process of Earth’s water. It consist of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection. A> Evaporation: The phase change that occurs when liquid water acquires enough heat energy to form water vapor. Example: The sun heats water in rivers, lakes or oceans and turns it into vapor or steam. B> Condensation: The phase change that occurs when water vapor loses heat energy to form liquid water. It is generally brought about by a fall in air temperature. Example: Water vapors in the air get cold and change back into liquid forming clouds. C> Precipitation: Literally “to fall out of.” In nature, precipitation may take the form of rain, snow, hail, and sleet. Frost is not precipitation, but occurs when water vapor changes directly from a gas to a solid. Example: Occurs when water condenses and the clouds can not hold it anymore. The water falls back to Earth in the form of rain, hail or snow. D> Collection: When water (in any form) returns back to Earth as precipitation. It may fall back (collect) into the rivers, lakes, oceans or may end up on land.

6. Water quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking, swimming, and sustaining life. Elements that effects the quality of water? Temperature, pH, Nitrates & Phosphorus, Turbidity, Biological Indicators

7.  Temperature has a direct effect on plant and animal life.  Temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis and respiration in algae and aquatic plants.  The sensitivity of organisms to toxic wastes, parasites and diseases. A measure of molecular motion, generally using a Fahrenheit (F) or Celsius (C) scale. Examples: -Storm water running off of warm streets and parking lots -Construction along riverbanks removing shading trees increases amount of sunlight. -Soil erosion increases the amount of solids in water which absorbs more of the sun’s heat.

8. Thermal pollution is caused by adding relatively warm water to a cool body of water Thermal Pollution Example: Industries, such as nuclear power plants or paper mills use water to cool machinery or process materials. If warm water is released back into a stream or river it can increase water temperature.

9. pH factors  pH- measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance.  Information is used to determine if a substance is an acid, base or neutral.  pH is very important because it affects the function of all the enzymes, hormones and other proteins. A way of describing the acidic or basic strength of a solution. The pH value of a solution is a number on a scale from 0 to 14.  A pH value of 0–1 indicates a strong acid.  A pH value of 12–14 indicates a strong base.  A pH value of 7 indicates a neutral solution.

10.  pH influences the metabolism, growth and development of aquatic organisms.  Acid Neutral Base 0-------------------------7----------------------14  Distilled water 7  Ocean Water 7.8  Natural Water 6.5-8.5 pH factors

11.  Last 150 years the burning of fossil fuels has increased the amount of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere.  The two combine with moisture in the air and falls as acid rain.  Acid rain is responsible for many water sources becoming acidic. Human impact on pH

12.  Aquatic plants take in nitrogen from their roots. Aquatic animals get nitrogen by eating aquatic plants.  A certain level of nitrates in water is good, however, an over abundance can be devastating to an ecosystem.  Sewage ( human and animal waste) and fertilizer are the primary source of adding nitrates to water. Sewage may enter from septic tanks, sewage treatment plants and animal waste farms.  Best Management Practices (BMP) is a concept farmers have to practice in order to keep fertilizers and animal sewage out of water. Nitrogen is an element needed by all living plants and animals to build proteins

13. Phosphorus is an element essential for living organisms. Plant growth is limited by the amount of phosphorus Increase phosphorus causes an increase in algae growth. Cultural Eutrophication: humans cause a level of increase nutrients in the water.

14.  The turbidity is greater when water is murkier.  Turbidity increases as the suspended solids in water increases and keeps sunlight from passing through.  Clay, silt, plankton, industrial waste and sewage are things that increase the turbidity or cloudy appearance. Turbidity is the measure of the clarity or clearness of water Humans affect turbidity by dumping industrial wastes and sewage into our waters. Suspended solids from wastes can clog fish gills and smother fish eggs.

15. Natural population of fish, insects, algae and plants are good biological indicators. The present or absences of these organism may suggest the condition of the water. Living organism that help scientist determine the health of water resources

16. Water is in the air, on the land, between the rocks, and in every living thing. Water, in its purest form, is the compound H 2 O. There are two hydrogen (H) atoms bonded to one oxygen (O) atom. Generally, you won’t find pure water. There are usually other compounds, ions, or particles mixed with water. While water may move and carry other substances with it, you need to remember that the small water molecules are the things that make life on Earth possible. Molecular Structure of Water The structure of the water molecule allows this substance to have special properties. Chemical formula for water is H 2 0. This means: There are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom * Water molecule has a “Y” Shape *Hydrogen carries a “+” positive charge * Oxygen carries a “-” negative charge Since a water molecule has opposite charges it is known as a Polar Molecule. Properties of Water

17. Strong molecular bonds form between positively and negatively charged poles. Opposite ends of adjacent water molecules are drawn together. Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion is the attractive force between water molecules. Example: Watching raindrops slide down a windowpane. The drops are drawn towards each other like magnets combining to form a larger raindrop.

18. The polarity of water causes it to bond with other positively and negatively charged particles. Example: Water will adhere, or stick to the fibers of a paper towel. Adhesion Adhesion is when a molecules of water is attracted to other substances.

19. Liquid water is often called the “Universal Solvent” because it is able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid on Earth Example: Table Salt: When Sodium (Na+) and Chlorine (Cl-) are added to water; the negatively charged oxygen atoms from the water surrounds the positively charged sodium atoms. The hydrogen bonds with chlorine to create Salt Water. With out this property, marine life could not exist. Water’s unique ability to dissolve many substances is due to its polar nature Both the positive and negative end of the molecule can bond with another molecule that has the opposite charge.

20. A solvent is a substance in which some other substance, called a solute, can dissolve to form a solution. Both the solvent and the solute can be solid, liquid, or gas, but liquid solvents and liquid or solid solutes are the most common and useful.

21. Capillary action is the process that moves water through narrow porous spaces. This property makes it possible for water to move upward against gravity. Ex. Plants use capillary action to transfer water from soil through root systems and leaves. Capillary Action Specific Heat  The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.  The unit to measure heat energy in this case is the Calorie  For water the specific heat is 1cal/g Celsius  The high specific heat of water gives it a high heat capacity. This mean that water is capable of absorbing a great deal of energy. Example: This is why it takes a longer time to heat up a pot of water than it does to heat the metal coils on a stove.

22. Density: measure of the mass of a substance contained in a given volume. Ex. Wooden block and Iron Block that are the same size the wooden block would weigh less or be less dense. Density Buoyant or Buoyancy  Buoyant: a material that floats Example: Frozen water is less dense than liquid water. This is why ice floats or is buoyant Example: Cold water is denser than warmer water. This impacts our global ocean circulation. Cold dense, polar water masses sink and warm tropical currents are able to move into their place.