1. Conservation Biology Biodiversity

2. Trophic Levels Primary Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Quaternary Consumers

3. Trophic Levels Primary Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Quaternary Consumers

4. Keystone Species

6. Coyote –Keystone species in Walnut Killing coyotes means an increase in a few dominant species Residents complain about rodent problems when coyotes disappear

7. Biodiversity – Number of Species?

8. Biodiversity Levels Genetic Species Community and Ecosystem

9. Biodiversity Levels Alpha Number of taxa in a local area Gamma Number of taxa in a region Beta The turnover of species from one habitat to another

10. Geographic Patterns in Species Diversity Latitude 60 degrees N 40 degrees N 20 degrees N Ant Species 10 species 50 – 100 species 100 – 200 species

11. Geographic Patterns in Species Diversity Country Greenland New York Guatemala Colombia Bird Species 56 species 105 species 469 species 1395 species

12. Bird Diversity in North and Central America

13. Geographic Patterns in Species Diversity Location Arctic Waters Temperate Waters Tropical Seas Marine Species (Tunicates) 100 species 400 species 600 species

14. Latitude Belts Temperate Zone Habitats Marsh Grassland Shrubland Desert Coniferous Forests Upland Deciduous Floodplain Deciduous # of Bird Species (E. J. Tramer) 6 14 17 21 24

15. Foliage Height Diversity Adding new layers adds new habitats for additional species

16. North American Diversity (MacArthur and MacArthur) Mammals and Breeding Land Birds Increase from North to South More in the west Increases with heterogeneity Reptiles and Amphibians More abundant in East Reptiles – mountains Amphibians - water

17. Island Biogeography MacArthur and Wilson (1960’s)

20. Primary Productivity The amount of light energy that is converted into chemical energy Often expressed as biomass

21. Pyramid of Net Productivity

22. Secondary Productivity The rate at which an ecosystem converts the chemical energy of the food they eat into their own biomass 10% rule

23. Biodiversity Crisis Extinction Rates are increasing Toxins (biological magnification) Greenhouse effect / Ozone depletion Overpopulation Major threats to Biodiversity Habitat Destruction Overexploitation Introduction of exotics

24. Conservation Endangered Species in danger of becoming extinct Threatened Species likely to become endangered in the near future Genetic Diversity Losing individuals or populations loses genetic diversity

26. Habitat Fragmentation

27. Conservation Edges Corridors Protect landscapes not individual species Sustainable development

29. Edge Effect

30. Corridors

32. Population Viability Analysis Predicts whether a species will persist in an environment minimum viable population effective population size

33. Extinction Background Several species a year just go extinct – They are replaced Mass Large scale extinction – species replaced due to adaptive radiation of remaining species Anthropogenic Large scale extinction – species being replaced by a single species (humans)