2. 1 Approaches to dialogue Peter KühnleinHannes Rieser http://129.70.104.40/TCD/

3. 2 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Part IX: Approaches to dialogue

4. 3 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

5. 4 Characteristic of intentionalist approaches: The chief explanatory notion is that of a certain type of mental state of a discourse participant – the intention she has. Intentions have a disputed ontological status: Are they reducible to other (mental) states or are they states in their own rights? E.g., one could try to do this reduction: 1.S intends to A just in case 2.S desires that G and 3.S believes that Aing leads to G (obvious problems)

6. 5 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Characteristic of intentionalist approaches: The chief explanatory notion is that of a certain type of mental state of a discourse participant – the intention she has. Intentions have a disputed ontological status: Are they reducible to other (mental) states or are they states in their own rights? This question (and questions concerning many other properties of intentions) will not be discussed here.

7. 6 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse

8. 7 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. G&S 175

9. 8 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterances in discourse. G&S 175

10. 9 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterances in discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discourse structure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherent conceptualization of the term "discourse" itself. G&S 175

11. 10 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterances in discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discourse structure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherent conceptualization of the term "discourse" itself. G&S 175

12. 11 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterances in discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discourse structure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherent conceptualization of the term "discourse" itself. G&S 175

13. 12 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterances in discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discourse structure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherent conceptualization of the term "discourse" itself. G&S 175 So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.

14. 13 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure?

15. 14 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure? There is evidence that antecedents in discourse are decreasingly well accessible for anaphoric reference depending on diverse factors.

16. 15 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure? There is evidence that antecedents in discourse are decreasingly well accessible for anaphoric reference depending on diverse factors. Current theories of anaphoric resolution (e.g., standard DRT or FCS) are bad in capturing this. “She truly loves her” would have 20 solutions according to standard DRT. Ann(v) Berta(w) Carol(x) Dorothy(y) Eve(z) … … … … vwxyz

17. 16 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure? There is evidence that antecedents in discourse are decreasingly well accessible for anaphoric reference depending on diverse factors. Current theories of anaphoric resolution (e.g., standard DRT or FCS) are bad in capturing this. One suggestion (Muskens, van Benthem and Visser (1997)) could be to strengthen standard dynamic semantics by complementing them with a theory of discourse structure.

18. 17 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Why should one be interested in a theory of discourse structure? There is evidence that antecedents in discourse are decreasingly well accessible for anaphoric reference depending on diverse factors. Current theories of anaphoric resolution (e.g., standard DRT or FCS) are bad in capturing this. One suggestion (Muskens, van Benthem and Visser (1997)) could be to strengthen standard dynamic semantics by complementing them with a theory of discourse structure. Their proposal: Grosz & Sidner (1986).

19. 18 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure

20. 19 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: G&S 176

21. 20 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; G&S 176

22. 21 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; G&S 176

23. 22 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176

24. 23 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances

25. 24 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances Just as the words in a single sentence form constituent phrases, the utterances in a discourse are naturally aggregated into discourse segments. The utterances in a segment, like the words in a phrase, serve particular roles with respect to that segment. G&S 177

26. 25 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 D: Discourse DS: Discourse Segment

27. 26 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 G&S 177 The factoring of discourses into segments has been observed across a wide range of discourse types. Grosz (1978) showed this for task-oriented dialogues.

28. 27 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 G&S 177 The factoring of discourses into segments has been observed across a wide range of discourse types. …Chafe (1979,1989) found differences in pause lengths at segment boundaries.

29. 28 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 G&S 177 The factoring of discourses into segments has been observed across a wide range of discourse types. …Butterworth (1975) found speech rate differences that correlated with segments; speech rate is slower at start of a segment than toward the end.

30. 29 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 U4 U: Utterance

31. 30 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 U4 t U: Utterance

32. 31 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 U4 G&S 177 Although two consecutive utterances may be in the same discourse segment,…

33. 32 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 U4 G&S 177 Although two consecutive utterances may be in the same discourse segment, it is also common for two consecutive utterances to be in different segments.

34. 33 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 U4 G&S 177 Although two consecutive utterances may be in the same discourse segment, it is also common for two consecutive utterances to be in different segments. The trivial case

35. 34 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 U4 G&S 177 Although two consecutive utterances may be in the same discourse segment, it is also common for two consecutive utterances to be in different segments. The nontrivial case

36. 35 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 U4 G&S 177 It is also possible for two utterances that are nonconsecutive to be in the same segment.

37. 36 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 DS4 U4U5 U6 Discourse segments can be nested

38. 37 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 DS4 U4U5 U6 Discourse segments can be nested; this is called non-strict decompositionality because utterances and discourse segments can appear on the same level

39. 38 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 DS4 U4U5 U6 G&S 178 Reichman (1981) discusses some words that function [as indicators for segment boundaries] and coined the term clue words.

40. 39 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances D DS1DS2DS3 U1 U2 U3 DS4 U4U5 U6 G&S 178 We will use the term cue phrases to generalize on her observation … because each one of these devices cue the hearer to some change in the discourse structure.

41. 40 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances G&S 178 We will use the term cue phrases to generalize on her observation … because each one of these devices cue the hearer to some change in the discourse structure.

42. 41 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances G&S 198: Cue phrases

43. 42 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases

44. 43 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to

45. 44 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine

46. 45 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me

47. 46 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me Oops, I forgot

48. 47 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me Oops, I forgot By the way, incidentally, speaking of, Did you hear about..., That reminds me

49. 48 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me Oops, I forgot By the way, incidentally, speaking of, Did you hear about..., That reminds me In the first place, first, second, finally, moreover, furthermore

50. 49 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me Oops, I forgot By the way, incidentally, speaking of, Did you hear about..., That reminds me In the first place, first, second, finally, moreover, furthermore For example, to wit, first, second, and, moreover, furthermore, therefore

51. 50 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me Oops, I forgot By the way, incidentally, speaking of, Did you hear about..., That reminds me In the first place, first, second, finally, moreover, furthermore G&S 178 [T]hese linguistic boundary markers can be divided according to whether they explicitly indicate changes in the intentional structure or in the attentional state of the discourse. For example, to wit, first, second, and, moreover, furthermore, therefore

52. 51 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me Oops, I forgot By the way, incidentally, speaking of, Did you hear about..., That reminds me In the first place, first, second, finally, moreover, furthermore G&S 178 Just as linguistic devices affect structure, so the discourse segmentation affects the interpretation of linguistic expressions in a discourse. For example, to wit, first, second, and, moreover, furthermore, therefore

53. 52 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me Oops, I forgot By the way, incidentally, speaking of, Did you hear about..., That reminds me In the first place, first, second, finally, moreover, furthermore G&S 178 Just as linguistic devices affect structure, so the discourse segmentation affects the interpretation of linguistic expressions in a discourse. Referring expressions provide the primary example of this effect. For example, to wit, first, second, and, moreover, furthermore, therefore

54. 53 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me Oops, I forgot By the way, incidentally, speaking of, Did you hear about..., That reminds me In the first place, first, second, finally, moreover, furthermore G&S 178 Just as linguistic devices affect structure, so the discourse segmentation affects the interpretation of linguistic expressions in a discourse. … The segmentation of discourse constrains the use of referring expressions by delineating certain points at which there is a significant change in what entities … are being discussed. For example, to wit, first, second, and, moreover, furthermore, therefore

55. 54 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances This can be applied to the example dialogue that has been reported on in the introduction as follows

56. 55 Dialogue example & situation Intentionalist approaches to dialogue "Inst." refers to an instructor "Cnst." refers to a constructor Common task is to build a toy airplane Both Ss are separated by a screen.

57. 56 Dialogue example & situation Intentionalist approaches to dialogue "Inst." refers to an instructor "Cnst." refers to a constructor Common task is to build a toy airplane Both Ss are separated by a screen. The current stage of the construction (constructor side)

58. 57 (A) Inst:So, jetzt nimmst du Well, now you take Cnst:eine Schraube a screw. Inst:eine orangene mit einem Schlitz. an orange one with a slit Cnst:Ja. Yes Dialogue example & situation Intentionalist approaches to dialogue "Inst." refers to an instructor "Cnst." refers to a constructor Common task is to build a toy airplane Both Ss are separated by a screen.

59. 58 (A) Inst:So, jetzt nimmst du Well, now you take Cnst:eine Schraube a screw. Inst:eine orangene mit einem Schlitz. an orange one with a slit Cnst:Ja. Yes Dialogue example & situation Available Bolts Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

60. 59 (B) Inst: Und steckst sie dadurch, also And you put it through there, let’s see Cnst: Von oben. From the top. Inst: Von oben, daß also die drei festgeschraubt werden dann. From the top, so that the three bars get fixed. Cnst: Ja. Yes. Intended Junction Intended Result Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Dialogue example & situation c'td

61. 60 (A) Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst:an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. (B) Inst: And you put it through there, let’s see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed. Cnst: Yes. Dialogue example & situation c'td Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

62. 61 (A) Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst:an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. (B) Inst: And you put it through there, let’s see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed. Cnst: Yes. Dialogue example & situation c'td Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The structuring of the discourse that was done on an intuitive basis can now be explained in the theoretical framework.

63. 62 (A) Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst:an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. (B) Inst: And you put it through there, let’s see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed. Cnst: Yes. Dialogue example & situation c'td Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The discourse will be used again with more annotation, so the sample text will from now on be compressed into the following.

64. 63 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances

65. 64 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances Some cue phrases contained in the discourse.

66. 65 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances Some cue phrases contained in the discourse.

67. 66 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances Some cue phrases contained in the discourse.

68. 67 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances Some cue phrases contained in the discourse.

69. 68 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances

70. 69 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176

71. 70 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176

72. 71 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions

73. 72 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 178 A rather straightforward property of discourses, namely, that they (or, more accurately, those who participate in them) have an overall purpose, turns out to play a fundamental role in the theory of discourse structure.

74. 73 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 176: Because in multi-party conversations more than one participant may speak (or write) different utterances within a segment, the terms speaker and hearer do not differentiate the unique roles that he participants maintain in a segment of a conversation.

75. 74 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 176: Because in multi-party conversations more than one participant may speak (or write) different utterances within a segment, the terms speaker and hearer do not differentiate the unique roles that he participants maintain in a segment of a conversation. We will therefore use the terms initiating conversational participant (ICP) and other conversational participant(s) (OCP)…

76. 75 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions Some terminology: ICP = Initiating conversational participant

77. 76 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions Some terminology: ICP = Initiating conversational participant OCP = Other conversational participant(s)

78. 77 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 178 [W]e distinguish one of [the purposes in a given discourse] as foundational to the discourse. We will refer to it as the discourse purpose (DP).

79. 78 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions Some terminology: ICP = Initiating conversational participant OCP = Other conversational participant(s) DP = Discourse purpose

80. 79 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 178 For each of the discourse segments, we can also single out one intention - the discourse segment purpose (DSP).

81. 80 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions Some terminology: ICP = Initiating conversational participant OCP = Other conversational participant(s) DP = Discourse purpose DSP = Discourse segment purpose

82. 81 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions Some terminology: ICP = Initiating conversational participant OCP = Other conversational participant(s) DP = Discourse purpose DSP = Discourse segment purpose The overall intention of the DP or some DSP will also be called its primary intention

83. 82 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 178 Typically, an ICP will have a number of different kinds of intentions that lead to initiating the discourse.

84. 83 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 178 Typically, an ICP will have a number of different kinds of intentions that lead to initiating the discourse. … The kinds of intentions that can serve as discourse purposes or discourse segment purposes are distinguished from other intentions by the fact that they are intended to be recognized….

85. 84 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 178 Typically, an ICP will have a number of different kinds of intentions that lead to initiating the discourse. … The kinds of intentions that can serve as discourse purposes or discourse segment purposes are distinguished from other intentions by the fact that they are intended to be recognized…. Discourse purposes and discourse segment purposes share this property with certain utterance-level intentions that Grice (1969) uses in defining utterance meaning.

86. 85 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions Grice, H.P., Philosophical Review, 68 (2), 1969: Utterer's Meaning and Intentions

87. 86 Meaning Meaningn n Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

88. 87 This is the kind of meaning that is interesting for Ginzburg & Sag at 11-12:30 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

89. 88 Meaning MeaningnMeaningnn timeless (≈semantic) applied timeless (≈contextually fixed) utterance-type occasion (≈by implicature) Utterer's occasion meaning Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

90. 89 Meaning MeaningnMeaningnn linguistic meaning timeless (≈semantic) applied timeless (≈contextually fixed) utterance type occasion Utterer's occasion meaning Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

91. 90 „U utters x intending A: (1)to produce r By uttering x, U means something is true iff the following conditions hold: Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

92. 91 „U utters x intending A: (1)to produce r (2)to think U intends A to produce r By uttering x, U means something is true iff the following conditions hold: Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

93. 92 „U utters x intending A: (1)to produce r (2)to think U intends A to produce r (3)to think U intends the fulfillment of (1) to be based on the fulfillment of (2)“ By uttering x, U means something is true iff the following conditions hold: Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

94. 93 too weak inducement examples (Urmson) bridge face examples (Stampe, Strawson) ₤5 example (Schiffer) war captive example (Searle) Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

95. 94 too weak inducement examples (Urmson) bridge face examples (Stampe, Strawson) ₤5 example (Schiffer) war captive example (Searle) too strong examinee confession …  Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

96. 95 too weak inducement examples (Urmson) bridge face examples (Stampe, Strawson) ₤5 example (Schiffer) war captive example (Searle) too strong examinee confession … lead to the refined Definition (2), the first part of which is of interest here  Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

97. 96 (  A) (  f ) (  c): (a) U uttered x intending 1. A to think x possesses f By uttering x U meant that *ψp is true iff ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositional attitude, e.g., belief. * is a „mood marker“. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

98. 97 (  A) (  f ) (  c): (a) U uttered x intending 1. A to think x possesses f 2. A to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p By uttering x U meant that *ψp is true iff ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositional attitude, e.g., belief. * is a „mood marker“. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

99. 98 (  A) (  f ) (  c): (a) U uttered x intending 1. A to think x possesses f 2. A to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. A to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that U intends A to think that U ψs that p 4. A, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that U ψs that p and (for some cases) 5. A, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p By uttering x U meant that *ψp is true iff ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositional attitude, e.g., belief. * is a „mood marker“. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

100. 99 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions

101. 100 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue To extend Grice's definitions to discourse, we replace the utterance x with a discourse segment DS, G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

102. 101 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue To extend Grice's definitions to discourse, we replace the utterance x with a discourse segment DS, the utterer U with the initiator of a discourse segment ICP, and G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

103. 102 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue To extend Grice's definitions to discourse, we replace the utterance x with a discourse segment DS, the utterer U with the initiator of a discourse segment ICP, and the audience A with the OCP. G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

104. 103 (  A) (  f ) (  c): (a) U uttered x intending 1. A to think x possesses f 2. A to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. A to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that U intends A to think that U ψs that p 4. A, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that U ψs that p and (for some cases) 5. A, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p By uttering x U meant that *ψp is true iff ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositional attitude, e.g., belief. * is a „mood marker“. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

105. 104 (  OCP) (  f ) (  c): (a) ICP uttered DS intending 1. OCP to think DS possesses f 2. OCP to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. OCP to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that ICP intends OCP to think that ICP ψs that p 4. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that ICP ψs that p and (for some cases) 5. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p By uttering DS ICP meant that *ψp is true iff ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositional attitude, e.g., belief. * is a „mood marker“. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

106. 105 (  OCP) (  f ) (  c): (a) ICP uttered DS intending 1. OCP to think DS possesses f 2. OCP to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. OCP to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that ICP intends OCP to think that ICP ψs that p 4. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that ICP ψs that p and (for some cases) 5. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p By uttering DS ICP meant that *ψp is true iff A small change suggests itself: "uttering" has to be substituted by "initiating". Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

107. 106 (  OCP) (  f ) (  c): (a) ICP initiated DS intending 1. OCP to think DS possesses f 2. OCP to think f correlated in way c with ψ-ing that p 3. OCP to think, on the basis of the fulfillment of 1. and [2.] that ICP intends OCP to think that ICP ψs that p 4. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 3. to think that ICP ψs that p and (for some cases) 5. OCP, on the basis of the fulfillment of 4., himself to ψ that p By initiating DS ICP meant that *ψp is true iff ψ in the above formulae names an appropriate propositional attitude, e.g., belief. * is a „mood marker“. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

108. 107 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning.

109. 108 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions.

110. 109 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. We are not yet addressing the issue of discourse meaning, but are concerned with the role of DP/DSPs in determining discourse structure and in specifying how these intentions can be recognized by an OCP.

111. 110 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … Although the intentional structure of a discourse plays a role in determining discourse meaning, the DP/DSPs do not in and of themselves constitute discourse meaning.

112. 111 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [Discourse level intentions] appear to be similar to utterance-level intentions in kind, but differ in that they occur in a context in which several utterances may be required to ensure their comprehension and satisfaction.

113. 112 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue To complete this extension, the following problems must be resolved: 1.specifying the discourse-level intentions and attitudes that correspond to the utterance-level intentions and ψ's that p; G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

114. 113 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue To complete this extension, the following problems must be resolved: 1.specifying the discourse-level intentions and attitudes that correspond to the utterance-level intentions and ψ's that p; 2.identifying the kinds of fs that contribute to determining discourse- level intentions; G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

115. 114 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue To complete this extension, the following problems must be resolved: 1.specifying the discourse-level intentions and attitudes that correspond to the utterance-level intentions and ψ's that p; 2.identifying the kinds of fs that contribute to determining discourse- level intentions; 3.identifying the modes of correlation (the c's) between features of the discourse segments and types of discourse-level intentions; G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

116. 115 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue To complete this extension, the following problems must be resolved: 1.specifying the discourse-level intentions and attitudes that correspond to the utterance-level intentions and ψ's that p; 2.identifying the kinds of fs that contribute to determining discourse- level intentions; 3.identifying the modes of correlation (the c's) between features of the discourse segments and types of discourse-level intentions; 4.specifying how the discourse-level intentions can be recognized by an OCP. G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions Now we know some of the “intrinsic” properties of the relevant intentions and the problems with them. What about the structure?

117. 116 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if the intention is recognized. G&S 178 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

118. 117 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if the intention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engage in a discourse may be private. G&S 178 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

119. 118 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if the intention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engage in a discourse may be private. G&S 178 Discourse structure a structure of intentions In the sample dialogue, the purpose surely is to bring it about that the wing is fixed. The motivation might be greed for money...

120. 119 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if the intention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engage in a discourse may be private. G&S 178 Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 179 DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions.

121. 120 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if the intention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engage in a discourse may be private. G&S 178 Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 179 DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is a DP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is a DSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP.

122. 121 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if the intention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engage in a discourse may be private. G&S 178 Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 179 DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is a DP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is a DSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP. … We have identified two structural relations: dominance and satisfaction precedence.

123. 122 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DP DSP1DSP2DSP3 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

124. 123 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DP DSP1DSP2DSP3 Discourse structure a structure of intentions Dominance: DSP1 … DSP3 are dominated by DP

125. 124 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DP DSP1DSP2DSP3 Discourse structure a structure of intentions Dominance: DSP1 … DSP3 are dominated by DP DSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DP Contribution:

126. 125 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if the intention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engage in a discourse may be private. G&S 178 Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 179 DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is a DP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is a DSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP. … We have identified two structural relations: dominance and satisfaction precedence. … The dominance relation invokes a partial ordering on the DSPs that we will refer to as the dominance hierarchy.

127. 126 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if the intention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engage in a discourse may be private. G&S 178 Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 179 DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is a DP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is a DSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP. … We have identified two structural relations: dominance and satisfaction precedence. … For some discourses, including task-oriented ones, the order in which the DSPs are satisfied might be significant, as well as being intended to be recognized.

128. 127 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intentions that are intended to be recognized achieve their effect only if the intention is recognized. … [T]he intention that motivates the ICP to engage in a discourse may be private. G&S 178 Discourse structure a structure of intentions G&S 179 DPs and DSPs are basically the same sorts of intentions. If an intention is a DP, then its satisfaction is a main purpose of the discourse, whereas if it is a DSP, then its satisfaction contributes to the satisfaction of the DP. … We have identified two structural relations: dominance and satisfaction precedence. … We will say that DSP1 satisfaction-precedes DSP2 … whenever DSP1 must be satisfied before DSP2.

129. 128 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DP DSP1DSP2DSP3 Discourse structure a structure of intentions Dominance: DSP1 … DSP3 are dominated by DP DSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DP Contribution:

130. 129 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DP DSP1DSP2DSP3 Discourse structure a structure of intentions Dominance: DSP1 … DSP3 are dominated by DP DSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DP DSP1 satisfaction-precedes DSP2 DSP2 satisfaction-precedes DSP3 DSP1 satisfaction-precedes DSP3 Contribution: Satisfaction- precedence

131. 130 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DP DSP1DSP2DSP3 Discourse structure a structure of intentions Dominance: DP DOM DSP1, DP DOM DSP2, … DSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DP DSP1 SP DSP2 DSP2 SP DSP3 DSP1 SP DSP3 Contribution: Satisfaction- precedence

132. 131 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DP DSP1DSP2DSP3 Discourse structure a structure of intentions Dominance: DP DOM DSP1, DP DOM DSP2, … DSP1 … DSP3 contribute to DP DSP1 SP DSP2 DSP2 SP DSP3 DSP1 SP DSP3 Contribution: Satisfaction- precedence

133. 132 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

134. 133 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

135. 134 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. … What is essential for a theory of discourse structure is that such intentions bear certain relations to one another. G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

136. 135 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between the determination of the DSP and the recognition of it. G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

137. 136 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between the determination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the complete specification of what is intended by whom; G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

138. 137 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between the determination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the complete specification of what is intended by whom; we use the term recognition to refer to a processing notion, namely, the processing that leads a discourse participant to identify what the intention is. G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

139. 138 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between the determination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the complete specification of what is intended by whom; … the same information that determines a DSP may be used by an OCP to recognize it. G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions

140. 139 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between the determination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the complete specification of what is intended by whom; G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions So, a determination is a list consisting of a list of intentions

141. 140 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between the determination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the complete specification of what is intended by whom; G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions So, a determination is a list consisting of a list of intentions a list of dominance relations

142. 141 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between the determination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the complete specification of what is intended by whom; G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions So, a determination is a list consisting of a list of intentions a list of dominance relations a list of satisfaction-precedence relations

143. 142 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue [T]he range of intentions that can serve as discourse, or discourse segment, purposes is open-ended …, much like the range of intentions that underlie more general purposeful action. Thus, a theory of discourse structure cannot depend on choosing the DP/DSPs from a fixed list …, nor on the particulars of individual intentions. … In this paper, we distinguish between the determination of the DSP and the recognition of it. We use the term determination to refer to a semantic-like notion, namely the complete specification of what is intended by whom; G&S 179 Discourse structure a structure of intentions So, a determination is a list consisting of a list of intentions a list of dominance relations a list of satisfaction-precedence relations This completely describes the intentional structure

144. 143 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [Discourse level intentions] appear to be similar to utterance-level intentions in kind, but differ in that they occur in a context in which several utterances may be required to ensure their comprehension and satisfaction.

145. 144 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199,200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individual beliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discourse segments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segments serve with respect to the entire discourse.

146. 145 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199,200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individual beliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discourse segments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segments serve with respect to the entire discourse. Not all the DSPs, however, need to be expressed.

147. 146 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199,200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individual beliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discourse segments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segments serve with respect to the entire discourse. … [T]he participants share the assumption of discourse sufficiency: it is a convention in a communicative situation that the ICP believes the discourse is sufficient to achieve the primary intention of the DP.

148. 147 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199,200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individual beliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discourse segments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segments serve with respect to the entire discourse. … [T]here is an assumption that the information conveyed in the discourse will suffice in conjunction with other information the ICP believes the OCP has (or can obtain) to allow for satisfaction of the DP. We will hear something similar in the lecture on coordination!

149. 148 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199,200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individual beliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discourse segments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segments serve with respect to the entire discourse. …To be more concrete, we shall look at … two cases, one involving a belief, the other an intention to perform some action.

150. 149 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199,200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individual beliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discourse segments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segments serve with respect to the entire discourse. …To be more concrete, we shall look at … two cases, one involving a belief, the other an intention to perform some action.

151. 150 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions belief case In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believe some proposition, say p.

152. 151 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions belief case In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believe some proposition, say p. Each of the discourse segments is also intended to get the OCP to believe a proposition, say q i for some i= 1,…,n (where there are n discourse segments).

153. 152 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions belief case In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believe some proposition, say p. Each of the discourse segments is also intended to get the OCP to believe a proposition, say q i for some i= 1,…,n (where there are n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCP come to believe each of the q i and, in addition, an intention that the OCP come to believe the q i provide support for p.

154. 153 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions belief case In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believe some proposition, say p. Each of the discourse segments is also intended to get the OCP to believe a proposition, say q i for some i= 1,…,n (where there are n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCP come to believe each of the q i and, in addition, an intention that the OCP come to believe the q i provide support for p. … Viewed intuitively, [ICP's] belief that q i provides support for p, underlies his intention to get [OCP] to believe p by getting him to believe q i.

155. 154 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions belief case In the belief case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to believe some proposition, say p. Each of the discourse segments is also intended to get the OCP to believe a proposition, say q i for some i= 1,…,n (where there are n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCP come to believe each of the q i and, in addition, an intention that the OCP come to believe the q i provide support for p. … Viewed intuitively, [ICP's] belief that q i provides support for p, underlies his intention to get [OCP] to believe p by getting him to believe q i. … This relationship plays a role in the recognition of DSPs.

156. 155 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199,200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individual beliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discourse segments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segments serve with respect to the entire discourse. …To be more concrete, we shall look at … two cases, one involving a belief, the other an intention to perform some action.

157. 156 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 199,200 Discourse structure a structure of intentions The intentions that serve as DP/DSPs are natural extensions of the intentions that Grice (1969) considers essential to developing a theory of utterer's meaning. There is a crucial difference, however, between our use of discourse- level intentions in this paper (and the theory, as developed so far) and Grice's use of utterance-level intentions. … [We] have to consider not only individual beliefs and intentions, but also the relationships among various discourse segments (and utterances within a segment) and the purposes the segments serve with respect to the entire discourse. …To be more concrete, we shall look at … two cases, one involving a belief, the other an intention to perform some action.

158. 157 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 201 Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case An analogous situation holds for a discourse segment comprising utterances intended to get the OCP to perform some set of actions directed at achieving some overall task …

159. 158 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue G&S 201 Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case An analogous situation holds for a discourse segment comprising utterances intended to get the OCP to perform some set of actions directed at achieving some overall task … The full specification of the DP/DSP contains a generates relation that is derived from a relation defined by Goldman (1970).

160. 159 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The analogous formulation for the action case can be written as follows: Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case

161. 160 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to perform some action, say A. Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case

162. 161 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to perform some action, say A. Each of the discourse segments is also intended to get the OCP to perform an action, say a i for some i= 1,…,n (where there are n discourse segments). Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case

163. 162 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to perform some action, say A. Each of the discourse segments is also intended to get the OCP to perform an action, say a i for some i= 1,…,n (where there are n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCP come to perform each of the a i and, in addition, an intention that the OCP come to believe that the ICP believes that a i is appropriate to generate A. Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case

164. 163 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to perform some action, say A. Each of the discourse segments is also intended to get the OCP to perform an action, say a i for some i= 1,…,n (where there are n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCP come to perform each of the a i and, in addition, an intention that the OCP come to believe that the ICP believes that a i is appropriate to generate A. … Viewed intuitively, [ICP's] belief that a i be appropriate to generate A underlies his intention to get [OCP] to perform A by getting him to perform a i. Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case

165. 164 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue In the action case, the primary intention of the DP is to get the OCP to perform some action, say A. Each of the discourse segments is also intended to get the OCP to perform an action, say a i for some i= 1,…,n (where there are n discourse segments). … [T]he DP includes an intention that the OCP come to perform each of the a i and, in addition, an intention that the OCP come to believe that the ICP believes that a i is appropriate to generate A. … Viewed intuitively, [ICP's] belief that a i be appropriate to generate A underlies his intention to get [OCP] to perform A by getting him to perform a i. … This relationship plays a role in the recognition of DSPs. Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case

166. 165 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case Remember the benchmark discourse:

167. 166 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case One possible discourse structure could be this:

168. 167 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical)

169. 168 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case DSP1 = DSP2 ⌂ DSP3 ⌂ I1 An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical)

170. 169 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case DSP1 = DSP2 ⌂ DSP3 ⌂ I1 = = {(Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (take Cnst the orange screw))),...,...} An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical)

171. 170 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case DSP1 = DSP2 ⌂ DSP3 ⌂ I1 = = {(Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (take Cnst the orange screw))), (Intend Cnst (Believe Inst (fix Cnst the three bars))),...} An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical) The solution for DSP3 is not very plausible. Yet, DSP3 DOM DSP4. Hence, DSP4 should only contribute to DSP3. On the other hand, DSP4 SP DSP6, so they must be DSs.

172. 171 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 Discourse structure a structure of intentions action case DSP1 = DSP2 ⌂ DSP3 ⌂ I1 = = {(Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (take Cnst the orange screw))), (Intend Cnst (Believe Inst (fix Cnst the three bars))), (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (fix Cnst the bar with the orange screw)))} An analysis in the spirit of G&S (though not authentical)

173. 172 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176

174. 173 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176

175. 174 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state

176. 175 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state

177. 176 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of the discourse participants. G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state

178. 177 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of the discourse participants. It is inherently dynamic, recording the objects, properties, and relations that are salient at each point of discourse. G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state

179. 178 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of the discourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set of focus spaces; G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state

180. 179 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of the discourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set of focus spaces; changes in attentional state are modeled by a set of transition rules that specify the conditions for adding and deleting spaces. G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state

181. 180 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of the discourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set of focus spaces; changes in attentional state are modeled by a set of transition rules that specify the conditions for adding and deleting spaces. We call the collection of focus spaces available at one time the focusing structure and the process of manipulating spaces focusing. G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state

182. 181 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of the discourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set of focus spaces; changes in attentional state are modeled by a set of transition rules that specify the conditions for adding and deleting spaces. We call the collection of focus spaces available at one time the focusing structure and the process of manipulating spaces focusing. G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state Indeed, the focusing structure is sometimes also called focus structure.

183. 182 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of the discourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set of focus spaces; … a focus space … contains those entities that are salient … G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state

184. 183 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of the discourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set of focus spaces; … a focus space … contains those entities that are salient … The focus space also includes the DSP G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state

185. 184 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The third component of discourse structure, the attentional state, is an abstraction of the participants' focus of attention as their discourse unfolds. The attentional state is a property of the discourse itself, not of the discourse participants. … The attentional state is modeled by a set of focus spaces; … a focus space … contains those entities that are salient … The focus space also includes the DSP G&S 179 Discourse structure an attentional state G&S 180 … the focus structure does not include the intentional structure as a whole.

186. 185 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state A focus space contains (representations of) objects,

187. 186 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n FS1 A focus space contains (representations of) objects,

188. 187 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n FS1 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties,

189. 188 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… FS1 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and

190. 189 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose

191. 190 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces

192. 191 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1

193. 192 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 Note that only for reason of limitations due to the use of a certain text processor and the finiteness of the variables available the number of objects, properties etc. in both focus spaces are equal. Of course, this number in fact may be different.

194. 193 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1

195. 194 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 Objects o 3/1,…,o 3/n Properties p 1 o3/1,…,p m o3/n Relations r 1,… DSP3 FS3

196. 195 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 Objects o 3/1,…,o 3/n Properties p 1 o3/1,…,p m o3/n Relations r 1,… DSP3 FS3 Objects in lower stack places are reachable from higher stack places

197. 196 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 Objects o 3/1,…,o 3/n Properties p 1 o3/1,…,p m o3/n Relations r 1,… DSP3 FS3 Objects in lower stack places are reachable from higher stack places

198. 197 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 Objects o 3/1,…,o 3/n Properties p 1 o3/1,…,p m o3/n Relations r 1,… DSP3 FS3 Objects in lower stack places are reachable from higher stack places

199. 198 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 Objects o 3/1,…,o 3/n Properties p 1 o3/1,…,p m o3/n Relations r 1,… DSP3 FS3 Objects in lower stack places are reachable from higher stack places

200. 199 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 Objects o 3/1,…,o 3/n Properties p 1 o3/1,…,p m o3/n Relations r 1,… DSP3 FS3 Objects in lower stack places are reachable from higher stack places, but not vice versa.

201. 200 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 Objects o 3/1,…,o 3/n Properties p 1 o3/1,…,p m o3/n Relations r 1,… DSP3 FS3 Objects in lower stack places are reachable from higher stack places, and objects in the same stack place are reachable.

202. 201 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure an attentional state Objects o 2/1,…,o 2/n Properties p 1 o2/1,…,p m o2/n Relations r 1,… DSP2 FS2 A focus space contains (representations of) objects, their properties, relations amongst them, and the current Discourse Segment Purpose A focusing structure is a stack of focus spaces Objects o 1/1,…,o 1/n Properties p 1 o1/1,…,p m o1/n Relations r 1,… DSP1 FS1 Objects o 3/1,…,o 3/n Properties p 1 o3/1,…,p m o3/n Relations r 1,… DSP3 FS3 … the focusing structure is parasitic on the intentional structure … G&S 180

203. 202 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176

204. 203 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176

205. 204 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure The interaction between the described structures restricts the set of possible discourse descriptions

206. 205 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure interaction between structures

207. 206 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 The results of the processing, the completed structures, differ in some respect: the structure of the sequences is built up during discourse and exists in full size only in the end of it; Discourse structure interaction between structures

208. 207 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 The results of the processing, the completed structures, differ in some respect: the structure of the sequences is built up during discourse and exists in full size only in the end of it; similarly, the structure of intentions is constructed successively; Discourse structure interaction between structures

209. 208 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 The results of the processing, the completed structures, differ in some respect: the structure of the sequences is built up during discourse and exists in full size only in the end of it; similarly, the structure of intentions is constructed successively; the attentional state in the end of the discourse is empty. Discourse structure interaction between structures

210. 209 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 The results of the processing, the completed structures, differ in some respect. How, if at all, do the various structures restrict one another? Discourse structure interaction between structures

211. 210 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 G&S 180 [T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in the sense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Discourse structure interaction between structures

212. 211 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 G&S 180 [T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in the sense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Note however that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in the language itself. Discourse structure interaction between structures

213. 212 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Recall the slide on cue phrases … G&S 180 [T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in the sense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Note however that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in the language itself. Discourse structure interaction between structures

214. 213 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse structure the structure of the actual sequence of utterances now, next, that reminds me, and, but G&S 198: Cue phrases anyway, but anyway, in any case, now back to the end, ok, fine I must interrupt, excuse me Oops, I forgot By the way, incidentally, speaking of, Did you hear about..., That reminds me In the first place, first, second, finally, moreover, furthermore G&S 178 [T]hese linguistic boundary markers can be divided according to whether they explicitly indicate changes in the intentional structure or in the attentional state of the discourse. For example, to wit, first, second, and, moreover, furthermore, therefore Push Pop Clear SP DOM Inter- ruptions

215. 214 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Now it can be see how this fits together G&S 180 [T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in the sense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Note however that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in the language itself. G&S 178 [T]hese linguistic boundary markers can be divided according to whether they explicitly indicate changes in the intentional structure or in the attentional state of the discourse. Discourse structure interaction between structures

216. 215 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 G&S 180 [T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in the sense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Note however that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in the language itself. Discourse structure interaction between structures

217. 216 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 G&S 180 [T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in the sense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Note however that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in the language itself. … [T]he focusing structure, like the intentional and the linguistic structures, evolves as the discourse proceeds. Discourse structure interaction between structures

218. 217 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 G&S 180 [T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in the sense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. Note however that the relevant operation may sometimes be indicated in the language itself. … [W]hen the discourse is being processed, only the attentional state can constrain the interpretation of referring expressions directly. Discourse structure interaction between structures

219. 218 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 G&S 180,182 [T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in the sense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. … [T]he focusing structure is the central repository for the contextual information needed to process utterances at each point in the discourse. Discourse structure interaction between structures

220. 219 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Our main thesis is that the structure of any discourse is a composite of three distinct but interacting components: the structure of the actual sequence of utterances in the discourse; a structure of intentions; an attentional state. G&S 176 G&S 180,182 [T] he focusing structure is parasitic upon the intentional structure in the sense that the relationships among DSPs determine pushes and pops. … It distinguishes those objects, properties, and relations that are most salient at [any] point and, moreover, has links to the relevant parts of both the linguistic and intentional structures. Discourse structure interaction between structures

221. 220 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The considerations concerning discourse structure just indicated rely on an understanding of the relevant processing issues. Discourse structure

222. 221 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The considerations concerning discourse structure just indicated rely on an understanding of the relevant processing issues. This invites to a closer look at the processing side. Discourse structure

223. 222 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The considerations concerning discourse structure just indicated rely on an understanding of the relevant processing issues. This invites to a closer look at the processing side. So, this is where we are… Discourse structure

224. 223 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterances in discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discourse structure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherent conceptualization of the term "discourse" itself. G&S 175 So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.

225. 224 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterances in discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discourse structure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherent conceptualization of the term "discourse" itself. G&S 175 So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.

226. 225 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse processing

227. 226 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse processing The part of the theory that is related to processing will be introduced by way of example.

228. 227 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Discourse processing The part of the theory that is related to processing will be introduced by way of example. Recall the example from the introduction…

229. 228 (A) Inst:So, jetzt nimmst du Well, now you take Cnst:eine Schraube a screw. Inst:eine orangene mit einem Schlitz. an orange one with a slit Cnst:Ja. Yes Dialogue example & situation Intentionalist approaches to dialogue "Inst." refers to an instructor "Cnst." refers to a constructor Common task is to build a toy airplane Both Ss are separated by a screen.

230. 229 (A) Inst:So, jetzt nimmst du Well, now you take Cnst:eine Schraube a screw. Inst:eine orangene mit einem Schlitz. an orange one with a slit Cnst:Ja. Yes Dialogue example & situation Available Bolts Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

231. 230 (B) Inst: Und steckst sie dadurch, also And you put it through there, let’s see Cnst: Von oben. From the top. Inst: Von oben, daß also die drei festgeschraubt werden dann. From the top, so that the three bars get fixed. Cnst: Ja. Yes. Intended Junction Intended Result Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Dialogue example & situation c'td

232. 231 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

233. 232 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Some more stuff must be added, as indicated earlier.

234. 233 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

235. 234 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue A first analysis of the sample discourse. Consider the following structure.

236. 235 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations The underspecified focus space for I1 has to be pushed Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2

237. 236 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations The underspecified focus space for I1 is already pushed Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2

238. 237 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 DS2 can not be analyzed in a more fine-grained way Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2

239. 238 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 DS2 can not be analyzed in a more fine-grained way. Esp., it does not contain other DSs. Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2

240. 239 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS2 I2: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (take Cnst the orange screw))) Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2

241. 240 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2

242. 241 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS3 I3: ? I1 DOM I3 I2 SP I3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2

243. 242 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS3 I4: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (put Cnst it [O2] through there))) I1 DOM I3 I2 SP I3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 FS4 I3 DOM I4

244. 243 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS3 I4: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (put Cnst it [O2] through there))) This analysis doesn't work, because FS2 is already in the trash I1 DOM I3 I2 SP I3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 FS4 I3 DOM I4

245. 244 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS3 General pattern: Anaphora is not possible among expressions in DSs whose focus spaces do not appear on the stack simultaneously. I1 DOM I3 I2 SP I3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 FS4 I3 DOM I4

246. 245 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS3 General pattern: As soon as the processing of one DS is finished, the expressions contained in it are no longer accessible. I1 DOM I3 I2 SP I3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 FS4 I3 DOM I4

247. 246 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS5 DS6 DS3 DS4 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS3 An alternative solution is needed, where the first utterances are not contained in a separate DS. I1 DOM I3 I2 SP I3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS2 FS4 I3 DOM I4

248. 247 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

249. 248 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue This is one such possibility.

250. 249 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue First, the current focus space has to be pushed, i.e., the space corresponding DS1

251. 250 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Inst's first intention is unclear, hence I1 must be left underspecified FS1

252. 251 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue I1: ? FS1

253. 252 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The intention behind DS2 is unclear in the beginning, hence the focus space should be "underspecified" FS1 I1 DOM I2

254. 253 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The intention behind DS2 is unclear in the beginning, hence the focus space should be "underspecified". FSs remain on the stack as long as the corresponding DSPs DOM another. FS1 I1 DOM I2

255. 254 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue The intention behind DS2 is unclear in the beginning, hence the focus space should be "underspecified". So FS2 is pushed onto FS1. FS1 I1 DOM I2

256. 255 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue I2: ? FS1 I1 DOM I2 FS2

257. 256 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue FS1 is still on the stack, hence "it" can refer to the orange screw with the slit FS1 I1 DOM I2 FS2 I2 DOM I3

258. 257 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue I3: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (put Cnst it [O1] through there))) FS1 I1 DOM I2 FS2 I2 DOM I3 FS3

259. 258 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS2 I2 DOM I3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

260. 259 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Typically, DS4 is classified as a clarification, but G&S offer no explicit treatment of such a type of subdialogue FS1 I1 DOM I2 FS2 I2 DOM I3

261. 260 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue DS4 is treated as an interruption. Hence its focus space is to be removed from the stack as soon as its treatment is finished FS1 I1 DOM I2 FS2 I2 DOM I3 I4 Interrupt

262. 261 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue I4: (Intend Cnst (Intend Inst (confirm Inst direction))) FS1 I1 DOM I2 FS2 I2 DOM I3 I4 Interrupt FS4

263. 262 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS2 I2 DOM I3 I4 Interrupt Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

264. 263 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS2 There is a problem with an implicit reference in DS5 to "put it through" in DS3. But this is neglected for the time being. I2 DOM I3 FS5 I4 Interrupt I2 DOM I5 I3 SP I5 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

265. 264 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS2 I5: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (fix Cnst the three bars))) I2 DOM I3 FS5 I4 Interrupt I2 DOM I5 I3 SP I5 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

266. 265 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS2 Not until now can the underspecified FS2 be filled up I2 DOM I3 I4 Interrupt I2 DOM I5 I3 SP I5 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

267. 266 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 FS2 I2: (Intend Cnst (Believe Inst (fix Cnst the three bars))) I2 DOM I3 I4 Interrupt I2 DOM I5 I3 SP I5 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue

268. 267 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 FS1 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 I2 DOM I3 I4 Interrupt I2 DOM I5 I3 SP I5 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue I1: (Intend Inst (Intend Cnst (fix Cnst the bar with the orange screw)))

269. 268 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Focus Space Stack Linguistic Structure IS Relations I1 DOM I2 I2 DOM I3 I4 Interrupt I2 DOM I5 I3 SP I5 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Finished: The stack is empty and all DSs and DSPs are in

270. 269 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intuitively, taking should satisfaction-precede putting through.

271. 270 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Intuitively, taking should satisfaction-precede putting through. This fact, however, is not representable according to the chosen analysis.

272. 271 Inst: Well, now you take Cnst: a screw. Inst: an orange one with a slit Cnst: Yes. Inst: And you put it through there, let's see Cnst: From the top. Inst: From the top, so that the three bars get fixed then. Cnst: Yes. DS1 DS4 DS5 DS2 DS3 Discourse processing Intentionalist approaches to dialogue No alternative analysis, however, can treat anaphora in cases like these.

273. 272 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterances in discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discourse structure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherent conceptualization of the term "discourse" itself. G&S 175 So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.

274. 273 Intentionalist approaches to dialogue Approach under consideration: Grosz, B.J. & Sidner, C.L., Computational Linguistics, Vol. 12 (3), 1986: Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse As we develop it, the theory of discourse structure will be seen to be intimately connected with two nonlinguistic notions: intention and attention. Attention is an essential factor in explicating the processing of utterances in discourse. Intentions play a primary role in explaining discourse structure, defining discourse coherence, and providing a coherent conceptualization of the term "discourse" itself. G&S 175 So there are two goals for explication: processing and structure.

275. 274 Plan-based approaches to dialogue Next: Approaches to dialogue