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The GIS Project First Steps. Introduction Designing a GIS project. –What is the nature of the project? –What is the scope of the project? Project management.

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Presentation on theme: "The GIS Project First Steps. Introduction Designing a GIS project. –What is the nature of the project? –What is the scope of the project? Project management."— Presentation transcript:

1 The GIS Project First Steps

2 Introduction Designing a GIS project. –What is the nature of the project? –What is the scope of the project? Project management and implementation. –Can you deliver the project on time? –Can you deliver a project of the appropriate quality? Evaluation of the application. –Were you successful? –Do you need to make changes?

3 Stages in Developing an Application Problem identification –Rich Picture –Root Definition Designing a Data Model –Conceptual data –Physical Data Designing and Analysis: Cartographic Modeling

4 Figure 12.4 The system development life cycle Heywood, Cornelius & Carver, An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems, 4th Ed., 2011

5 1.Problem Identification Problem types: –Structured - A problem which can be broken down into a series of well-defined steps. –Unstructured - A problem that requires the use of intuition, reasoning, and memory. A rich picture is a schematic view of the problem being addressed. A root definition is a statement of an individual or group’s perspective on the problem

6 Rich Pictures An effective tool for analyzing problems and expressing ides. Can focus attention on important issues. Help individuals visualize and discuss the roles they have in an organization. Establish exactly which aspects of the information flows within the organization and are going to be covered by the system. Allow individuals to express worries, conflicts and responsibilities.

7 Example 1 www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~the/CPRJ2402/Rich%20Pict ure%20Guidelines.pdf ‎

8 How to Draw A Rich Picture Start with a short problem statement near the center of the page. Place all of the relevant key words around it. –Write down everything you can think of. –You can remove irrelevant words later. Do not expect to complete your rich picture at once –Start with a rough version and develop over time.

9 Drawing Guidelines ComponentsComments Actors – stick figuresThese are the users of the system. An actor may represent a group of users. An actor may carryout any number of operations EyesExternal observers Speech bubblePersonal or group opinions Crossed swordsUsed to express conflict between actors Operations (Processes or Functions) – circles or ovals with descriptive labels What the system does. Each operation is executed by an actor or another operation. Data Stores (Tables) – rectangles with descriptive labels Tables in your database or files in the system. It is only necessary to show the type of data they contain. Arrows – arrows with descriptive labels Arrows show the direction of information flow among, actors, data stores and operations. BoundaryThe system boundary encloses the operations you are responsible for.

10 www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~the/CPRJ2402/Rich%20Picture%20Guidelines.pdf Example 2

11 Soft Systems Methodology with Root Definition http://www.perflensburg.net/cp- web/capcsmol.htm

12 Root Definition Short textual statements which define the important elements of the relevant system being modelled - rather like mission statements. –What the system does – X –How it does it – Y –Why it’s being done – Z Different users have different views of a problem. The system developer must get them to agree on a common root definition.

13 Example 1 A university owned and operated system to award degrees and diplomas to suitably qualified candidates (X), by means of suitable assessment (Y), (in conformance with national standards), in order to demonstrate the capabilities of candidates to potential employers (Z).

14 Problem Identification Questions What is the problem you wish to address with GIS? Is it structured or unstructured? Can it be summarized in a rich picture? Does the rich picture include views of all users as well as those affected by the GIS? Can a single root definition be defined for the problem? Is the definition acceptable to all users as well as those affected by the GIS? If it is too difficult to draw a rich picture or formulate a root definition, the problem may be unstructured. These are difficult to address with a GIS Can the problem be tackled with available resources? Should the problem be broken into smaller parts?

15 2. Design and Choose a Data Model The conceptual data model is a high level view, independent of the computer system. –Identify the elements of the data model and their relationship to one another (flowchart) –Create a list of actions the system must perform. –Identify system inputs and outputs. –Group actions, inputs and outputs into a logical order,

16 Maps and GIS are Models of Reality. –They model some aspects of reality, while ignoring or simplifying others. Abstraction –The process of abstracting what can be sensed in the real world into symbols. GIS Data Modeling –The process of abstracting from the real world for representation in a GIS.

17 http://www.slideshare.net/esambal e/conceptual-models-of-real- world-geographical-phenomena- epm1072007

18

19 http://andrewsforest.oregonstate.e du/research/related/dirt/template.c fm?next=model&topnav=37

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