1. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 PARTICULATES WP 500 EMPA contribution –WP 550 Investigation of sub-zero cold start effects

2. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Tested vehicles Gasoline: –Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V –Alfa 147, 2.0 TS 16 V –Toyota Avensis (direct injected) Diesel: –Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD –Peugeot 406, 2.0 HDI/FAP (particle trap)

3. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Test Programme Test cycles: –CADC (urban, road, highway) - warm starts –ACU - cold starts –NEDC (+23 °C only) –50 km/h, 10 minutes –120 km/h, 10 minutes Temperatures: -20°C, -7°C, and 23°C –Lube oil temperatures for warm start: > 90°C Tests per configuration: 2-3 Fuel: –Gasoline: Artemis (~33 ppm S) –Diesel: Particulates D4 (~8 ppm S)

4. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Instrumentation Wet branch –CPC/SMPS (TSI 3022) –DC (Matter LQ1) –Impactor (Dekati DGI) Dry branch –ELPI (w/o filter stage) –CPC (TSI 3022A) CVS –filter sampling for gravimetric analysis Chemical analysis –SOF-INSOF: 57 filter pairs (from CVS) –PAH: 58 filter pairs (from CVS) (U. Stockholm)

5. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Set-up ELPI EMPA CPC 358 EMPA CPC 358 EMPA Primary Diluter DGI Dekati Volume Gasdetecto r EMPA external pump 0.28 lpm pump 2.69 lpm pump 0.32 lpm pump 2.09 lpm DC EMPA Injector 2 664 Injector 3 EMPA TD Dekati Injector 1 Palas DMA EMPA Gasdetecto r EMPA

6. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Tested vehicles Set-Up

7. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Porous tube - dilution ratio ACU (first 900 s) Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel 10 Hz DR as determined by CO2 conc.

8. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Porous tube - dilution ratio ACU 10 Hz Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline

9. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Porous tube - dilution ratio ACU Ford Galaxy 1.9 TD Diesel 10 Hz

10. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Pressure ACU Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline

11. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Pressure ACU Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel

12. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Porous tube - dilution ratio CADC Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline

13. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Porous tube - dilution ratio CADC Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel

14. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Pressure CADC Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel

15. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 accumulated % over ACU -20°C Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel

16. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 accumulated % over CADC -20°C Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel

17. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 CADC Renault Mégane, Gasoline 23°C-7°C -20°C single test runs

18. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 CADC Ford Galaxy, Diesel 23°C-7°C -20°C single test runs

19. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 120 km/h Renault Mégane, Gasoline 23°C-7°C -20°C

20. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 120 km/h Renault Mégane, Gasoline 23°C-7°C -20°C

21. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Ford Galaxy, Diesel 120 km/h 23°C-20°C

22. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Ford Galaxy, Diesel 120 km/h 23°C-20°C

23. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Gravimetry CVS for ACU Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline Bag 1Bag 2Bag 3

24. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Gravimetry CVS for ACU Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel

25. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 DGI - ACU -20°C-7°C 23°C Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline

26. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 DGI - ACU -20°C-7°C 23°C Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel

27. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003 Closing remarks: dilution ratio not stable weak sensitivity of DC for nucleation temperature effect seems not always consisting gasoline: strong effect of cold start temperature no effect for steady states diesel: almost no effect on temperature at all nucleation only for gasoline at cold starts and high speeds

28. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003

29. Conclusions (3/4)

30. Martin Mohr, 27.1.2003