1. For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known: Anterior: toward the head or top –Also called cranial Posterior: opposite the head, toward the tail/anus –Also called Caudal Ventral: at the front of, in front Dorsal: behind, in the back of Lateral: away from the center of the body

2. Details of Phyla Fill in the defining characteristics into your chart –Specialization- are cells specialized for different jobs? –Symmetry- is it radial or bilateral? Is there symmetry at all? –Body Cavity- do they have a true coelom? Pseudocoelom? No body cavity at all? –Protostome/Deuterostome- does the blastopore become the mouth or the anus?

3. Details of Phyla Fill in the defining characteristics into your chart –Digestion- Do they digest inside the cells or outside the cells? How many openings does the digestive tract have? –Segmentation- are there divisions along the body specialized for different purposes? –Skeleton- internal, external, or hydrostatic? –Examples- what do animals in this phylum look like?

4. Skeleton- do you mean like bones? Skeleton refers to a support system- remember that animals do not have cell walls- so what holds animals into shape and prevents them from being a giant blob of cells? Hydrostatic skeleton- fluid pressing against muscles, no hard parts External skeleton- tough outer covering of chitin Internal skeleton- this is what YOU have- internal HARD substances like BONES

5. Phylum Porifera Cell Specialization: Yes (few) Symmetry: None (asymmetrical) Body Cavity: No Digestive Tract Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A

6. Phylum Porifera Digestion: Filter feeder Intracellular Segmentation: No Skeleton: Silica Example: Sponges

7. Phylum Porifera Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: –occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells Reproduction: –asexual (budding) or sexual (internal fertilization) Response –Produce toxins to ward off predators (sea slugs)

8. Phylum Cnidaria Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Radial Body Cavity: Gastro- vascular cavity (one opening) for feeding and gas exchange Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A

9. Phylum Cnidaria Digestion: Extracellular in the Gastrovascular cavity Segmentation: No Skeleton: Hydrostatic (two muscle layers and fluid) Examples: Jellyfish, coral, Portuguese man of war

10. Phylum Cnidaria Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: –occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells, or cell to cell Reproduction: –Asexual (budding) or sexual (external fertilization) Response: –Nerve net –Stinging cells called cnidocytes on tentacles

11. Ctenophora Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Radial Body Cavity: Gastro- vascular cavity with 2 openings: mouth and anal pore Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A

12. Ctenophora Digestion: Extracellular in the Gastrovascular cavity Segmentation: No Skeleton: Hydrostatic (two muscle layers and fluid) Examples: Jellyfish, coral, Portuguese man of war

13. Ctenophora Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: –occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells Reproduction: –hermaphroditic Response: –Nerve net –No stinging cells, but have sticky cells called colloblasts used to capture prey –bioluminescent

14. Phylum Platyhelminthes Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Acoelomate (have a digestive tract but no body cavity) Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome

15. Phylum Platyhelminthes Digestion: Extracellular in the gastrovascular cavity one opening- mouth/anus Segmentation: No Skeleton: Hydrostatic Examples: Tapeworms, Flukes

16. Phylum Platyhelminthes Respiration, circulation and excretion: –Diffusion exchanges gas and excretes waste through body walls Response: –Ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) –Eyespots (detect light) Reproduction: –Sexual Hermaphrodites (produce both egg and sperm cells) Two worms can exchange sperm –Asexual fission

17. Rotifera Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Pseudocoelomate (lined partially with mesoderm) Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Cilia covered corona

18. Rotifera Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: No Skeleton: Hydrostatic Example: rotifers (seen in your pond water lab)

19. Rotifera Parthenogenetic reproduction (eggs are diploid) and only in certain conditions are males formed. Males are formed from unfertilized haploid eggs –Fertilize other haploid eggs and create a dormant fertilized egg that under the right conditions will become a parthenogenetic female.

20. Phylum Nematoda Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Pseudocoelomate (lined partially with mesoderm) Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome

21. Phylum Nematoda Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: No Skeleton: Hydrostatic Example: Hookworms, Filarial worms, pinworms, heartworms

22. Phylum Nematoda Respiration, circulation and excretion: –Diffusion transports nutrients and gases –Flame cells remove excess water from the body Response: –Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) –Several nerve extend the length of the body Reproduction: –Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization

23. Phylum Annelida Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate (lined with mesoderm) Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome

24. Phylum Annelida Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Hydrostatic Example: Leeches, earthworms, meal worms

25. Phylum Annelida Respiration, circulation and excretion: –Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial) –Closed circulatory system –Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid Response: –Brain and several nerve cords –Sensory tentacles, chemical receptors Reproduction: –Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization –Some annelids are hermaphrodites

26. Mollusca Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome

27. Mollusca Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Hydrostatic Examples: Snails, clams, squids, octopi

28. Phylum Mollusca Respiration, circulation and excretion: –Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial) –Open circulatory system –Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid Response: –Simple nervous system (small ganglia, few nerve cords, simple sense organs) (ex: clams) –Well-developed brains (ex: octopi) Reproduction: –Sexual: external or internal fertilization Hermaphrodites or separate sexes

29. Phylum Arthropoda Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome

30. Phylum Arthropoda Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Exoskeleton Examples: Crustaceans, Arachnids, Insects

31. Phylum Arthropoda Respiration, circulation and excretion: –Trachael tubes or book lungs –Open circulatory system –Malphigian tubules extract waste from the blood and add it to digestive waste Response: –Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) –Several nerve extend the length of the body Reproduction: –Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization

32. Phylum Echinodermata Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Radial Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome

33. Phylum Echinodermata Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Endoskeleton Examples: Sea stars, Brittle stars, sand dollars

34. Phylum Echinodermata Respiration, circulation and excretion: –Diffusion through tube feet –Circulation through water vascular system Response: –Nerve ring that surrounds the mouth has radial nerves that connect to body sections Reproduction: –Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization

35. Phylum Chordata Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Endoskeleton Example: Lancelet, sea squirts

36. Nonvertebrate chordates Cell Specialization: Yes Symmetry: Bilateral Body Cavity: Coelomate Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome

37. Nonvertebrate Chordata Digestion: Extracellular Segmentation: Yes Skeleton: Endoskeleton Example: Lancelet, sea squirts

38. Phylum Chordata Respiration, circulation and excretion: –Gills for diffusion transports nutrients and gases –Closed circulatory system Response: –Nerve cord Reproduction: –Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization