1. Appendicular Skeleton
The Lower Limbs

2. The Lower Limbs – Pelvic Girdle
Formed by the two coxal bones (a.k.a. ossa coxae) that form the hip bones
Coxal bones are attached to the sacrum to form the bony pelvis
The bony pelvis holds the entire weight of the upper body and protects the organs of the lower abdomen
The pelvis is divided into two sections—false pelvis and true pelvis
False pelvis is area between wings of hip
True pelvis is open space between the bones, anterior to sacrum and coccyx

3. The Lower Limbs – Pelvic Girdle

4. The Lower Limbs – Pelvic Girdle
Each hip bone is made by the fusion of three bones—ilium, ischium, and pubis
Ilium is the largest bone of the coxa
Connects to the alae of the sacrum
Form the superior, winged section of hip bone and the superior part of the acetabulum
Iliac crest is edge of the ilium that stretches from the anterior superior spine to the posterior superior spine

5. The Lower Limbs – Pelvic Girdle

6. The Lower Limbs – Pelvic Girdle
The ischium is also called the “sitdown bone”
Forms the most inferior part of the coxa
Ischial tuberosity is roughened area of most inferior point that receives the body weight when sitting
Ischial spine is a projection on the posterior side of the ischium, above the ischial tuberosity
Greater sciatic notch is above the ischium, below the posterior inferior iliac spine that allows nerves and blood vessels to pass from the back of the pelvis to the thigh

7. The Lower Limbs – Pelvic Girdle

8. The Lower Limbs – Pelvic Girdle
The pubis is the most anterior part of the pelvis
The ramus of each pubic bone forms the anterior side of the obturator foramen (the ischial ramus forms the posterior), which allows blood vessels and nerves to pass into the anterior part of the thigh
The pubic symphysis is the cartilaginous point of fusion for the pubic bones in the front
The acetabulum is the socket formed by the three bones where the thigh bone articulates with the hip

9. The Lower Limbs – Pelvic Girdle

10. The Lower Limbs – Thigh
Thigh consists of one bone—the femur—that is the heaviest, strongest bone in the body
The proximal end of the femur includes a head, neck, and trochanters
The head is rounded and fits deep into the acetabulum of the hip
The neck is the constricted part of bone just inferior/lateral to the head
The greater trochanter is a projection on the top of the bone for muscle attachment
The less trochanter is a projection inferior to the neck that allows for muscle attachment

11. The Lower Limbs – Thigh
The gluteal tuberosity is a ridge on the posterior that runs the length of the shaft and attaches to the gluteal muscles
The distal end of the femur includes the lateral and medial condyles, separated by the intercondylar notch

12. The Lower Limbs – Thigh

13. The Lower Limbs – Leg
The leg consists of two bones—the tibia and fibula
The tibia and fibula are connected by an interosseous membrane
The tibia is also called the shinbone
Larger, more medial bone of the leg
Articulates with femur at the medial and lateral condyles (separated by the intercondylar eminence)
Tibial tuberosity is roughened surface on anterior side of tibia that serves as a point of attachment for the patellar ligament
Anterior crest runs the length of the anterior side of the tibia
Medial malleolus is process on distal, medial end of tibia that forms inner bulge of ankle

14. The Lower Limbs – Leg
The fibula is the smaller, lateral bone of the leg
Does not articulate with the femur
Sticklike structure that forms joints with the tibia proximally and distally
Lateral malleolus forms the outer part of the ankle

15. The Lower Limbs – Leg

16. The Lower Limbs – Foot
Foot has three sections (like the hand) with the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
There are 7 tarsal bones that form the inner ankle and the heel
5 metatarsals form the sole of the foot
14 phalanges form the toes; labeled proximal, middle, and distal like the fingers
Ligaments within the tarsals and metatarsals cause the arch of the foot (two longitudinal arches, 1 transverse arch)

17. The Lower Limbs – Foot