1. Answering a “ DBQ ” * * Document “Based” Question

2. Document-based questions (DBQs) require you to do several things well.. You must understand the prompt and come up with an “answer” that will be your thesis. You must come up with a list of PEPS (People Events, Places, Significance) for the time period. You must use all of or most of the documents that are provided. You must write a clearly organized and well- written essay.

3. General information about the documents All of the documents will be relevant to the topic. Plan on using all of the documents provided. Sometimes the date or the author in the source notation may be significant. The documents are generally presented chronologically. Pay special attention to cartoons, charts, & graphs.

4. Tip #1 Read the prompt thoroughly several times. Make sure you fully understand the whole prompt. Identify the time period you are dealing with. Brainstorm write down all of the relevant information (PEPS) you can think of BEFORE reading the documents. Sketch an outline of how your essay will be structured...

5. Outlines do not have to be formal, just sketch a structure Social Political Economic PEPS PEPS PEPS PEPSPEPS PEPSPEPS PEPSPEPS PEPSPEPS

6. Tip # 2 Quickly read all of the documents. As you go, indicate where on your essay “outline” they will go. Remember to consider the dates in the source material. Underline any unusual phrases. Jot down any quick summary thoughts about the documents as you read.

7. Look carefully at political cartoons. Pay attention to any small print. Jot down a quick summary of what the cartoon is trying to tell you.

8. Graphs and charts are important, look at them carefully. Note the dates. Notice that they frequently show change over time. Jot down a quick summary of what they indicate.

9. Having read the documents... Go back and add the documents to your essay outline. Remember, you must use outside information AND the documents to respond to the essay prompt. Make sure that you have both—outside information and documents—to support each point of your essay.

10. Tip #3: Writing the Essay Refer to the document, NEVER quote them at length—no more than a quick phrase or three or four words! Don’t explain the document. Simply refer to it to support your thesis. Refer to the author of the document: “In Lincoln’s letter” or “Horace Mann makes the point” or “in the Nast cartoon.” Cite every document by using its letter, e.g. (A). You don’t need to say (doc. A).

11. Here is a text passage from a recent DBQ and a sample essay reference: One of the most significant attempts to extend democratic ideals throughout society was that organized by the women's movement in the late 1840s. Meeting at Seneca Falls, NY, a group of women brought together by Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton demanded their right to vote and their right to be represented in the government (I). These are the most fundamental and basic of rights in a genuinely democratic society.

12. POTENTIAL QUESTION #1 Analyze how territorial expansion in combination with slavery contributed to secession and Civil War or To what extent was slavery a cause of the Civil War?

13. POTENTIAL QUESTION #2 In what way, and to what extent, did constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution?

14. 1. READ THE QUESTION Read the question carefully

15. 2. REREAD THE QUESTION Pay attention to and mark: Verbs (“analyze”, “compare and contrast”) Timeframes Any terms to define? Catagories (political, economic)

16. 3. BRAINSTORM Before you read the documents Before you read the documents, brainstorm an organized list of historical info (events, people, ideas) that will help you answer the question. The more the better This will be your “outside information.”

17. 4. THESIS Write a (draft) thesis Be sure to answer the question (re-read the question) Answer the entire question Try to avoid merely restating the question

18. 5. Review the Documents Think about: Who produced the document? When? (circumstances, not just date) Why? (any agenda?) For whom? (audience?) Does it HELP or HURT my THESIS? Why did the test maker choose this document?

19. 5. REVIEW THE DOCUMENTS Make notes beside the documents Glean historical facts and inferences from the documents. This is not an essay on the documents; this is an essay using facts and information from the documents to support your thesis. The “any fifth grader” test Think how you may use each document; add them to your “outline”

20. 6. WRITE YOUR ESSAY Strong, clear thesis in intro Good Topic Sentences that relate back to your thesis Have analysis that shows how each topic (paragraph) supports your thesis Weave documents into your argument where appropriate

21. 6. WRITING - Referring to Documents When you use info from a document: Refer to it by name – not by the letter “Lincoln’s letter to Horace Greeley clearly shows that …” NOT: “In document C, Lincoln states that...” Include its letter in parentheses at the end of the sentence to signal that you think you have used a document Ex.: “It is clear from Lincoln’s letter to Horace Greeley that preserving the Union, not ending slavery, was Lincoln’s primary goal at the beginning of the war.” (C)

22. DBQ TIPS: DBQ TIPS: HOW MANY? The best essays use “a substantial number” of documents. Try to use ¾ of the documents, but at least half of them.

23. DBQ TIPS: Avoid time-wasters Do not describe documents. Assume the reader already knows what each document says. Focus on the document’s significance and how it supports your thesis (or not). Avoid quotes or merely paraphrasing the documents. Quotes and descriptions are time- wasters and are no substitute for analysis.

24. DBQ TIPS: Counter Arguments Almost always, at least 2 documents will disagree with your thesis. Acknowledging them BRIEFLY can display sophistication and improve your score. But... COUNTER ANY COUNTER ARGUMENTS.

25. DBQ TIPS: “Laundry Lists” are fatal Never describe the documents in order. This is called a “laundry list”. This is a technique used by AP students who do not know what they are doing. Note: The documents are often arranged in chronological order

26. DBQ TIPS: Reminders Brainstorm before ever looking at the documents. Include information both from the documents and “outside” information NOT in the documents. This is not an essay on the documents; this is an essay using facts and information from the documents. Avoid describing or quoting from the docs.

27. GRAPHIC TIPS

28. This document appeared in the 1999 DBQ. Notice the source note.

29. The most significant thing about this document is the date, 1754, in the source note. This document was intended to bring to mind the following: The 1754 meeting of the London Board of Trade, Benjamin Franklin, printer from Philadelphia and colonial agent, Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union, The Albany Plan of Union’s provisions for a colonial legislature, The ultimate failure of the colonies to accept the Albany Plan of Union in 1754.

30. This document might be used like this: An excellent indication that the colonies were unwilling to act together in a unified way is their failure to accept Franklin’s plan for a colonial legislature as put forth in his 1754 Albany Plan of Union. The cartoon expresses Franklin’s contention that the colonies must act together or “die” (A). Yet very few of the colonial assemblies were willing to accept this contention.

31. Tips: Pictures Notice dates, especially on pictures. The picture on the left is dated 1905; the picture on the right is dated 1918. What had changed for working women in those years? Why?

32. Tips: Graphs and Charts Look very carefully at data presented in charts. Look for: trends, trends, changes over time, changes over time, sudden or large changes. sudden or large changes. Summarize what the chart tells you in a quick sentence.

33. Tips: Charts and Graphs