1. Forestry 280: Hand lens cross- sections,Woods 1-13: Softwoods with normal resin canals  Views are presented to approximate observation with a 10x hand lens. Thus, both specimen imperfections and some lack of detail will be evident.  Images with species name shown in white are courtesy of the USDA Forest Service, Center for Wood Anatomy Research.

2. #1 – Sugar Pine, Pinus lambertiana Normal, longitudinal resin canalsHorizontal Resin canal

3. #1 – Sugar Pine, Pinus lambertiana  Note the following: Four normal, longitudinal resin canals One normal, horizontal (or transverse) resin canal Wood texture (“medium-coarse”) Approximately 20x One growth ring Earlywood Latewood

4. #2 - White pine Eastern, Pinus strobus Western, P. monticola

5. #2 - White pine Eastern, Pinus strobus or Western, P. monticola Approximately 10x Approximately 20x Note “honeycomb” appearance of tracheids

6. # 3 – Lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Here, resin canals look like whitish spots. Note “dimples” on split tangential surface, as seen in large display sample in the classroom!

7. #4 – Southern Yellow Pines, Pinus spp. 10x 20x Note frequency of resin canals and prominence of latewood; also, variable wood structure (growth rate, percent latewood, etc.)

8. #5 – Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Resin canals are frequent, numerous; typically present in every growth ring (typical of pines in general).

9. #5 – Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Note “artifacts” (knife marks) Horizontal resin canal

10. #6 – Red pine, Pinus resinosa Resin canals are numerous, but small.

11. #7 - Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana  Don’t separate red and jack pines macroscopically  Note: These may be separated microscopically: Red pine has window-like cross- field pits; jack pine has pinoid pits. Resin canals

12. #8 - Tamarack, Larix laricina 10x 20x Resin canals are small and sparse, appearing here as whitish dots.

13. #9 – Western larch, Larix occidentalis Small, sparse resin canals.

14. #10 – Eastern spruces, Picea spp. Resin canals small, sparse; often appear as whitish flecks.

15. #11 – Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Don’t separate Eastern spruces from Engelmann. Wood is soft, relatively easy to cut, and “lustrous” in appearance.

16. #12 – Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis  Sitka has a “purplish” cast in the color of heartwood.  Resin canals sparse; somewhat larger than other spruces.  DO try to separate this from #10 & #11. This particular sample has indented growth rings, called “bear scratches.”

17. #13 – Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii Small, sparse resin canals. Relatively coarse texture.

18. #13 – Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii  Heartwood is often reddish- to orange- red  Heartwood often has a distinctive odor Resin canals sometimes in short, tangential groups.