1. Classification and Diagnosis Multiaxial System

2. Little Early Uniformity World Health Organization –In 1939 classified mental and physical disorders –Not widely accepted American Psychiatric Association developed it’s own standards in 1952 –Diagnostic and Statistical Manual –DSM-II in 1968

3. Diagnosis Considerable problems in reliability and validity were raised Reliability refers to the consistency in diagnosis Validity refers to the accuracy or meaningfulness of diagnosis

4. Diagnosis DSM III in 1980 –Much improved in terms of specificity DSM III R in 1987 –Work groups conducted reliability trials –Increased emphasis on empirical findings

5. Diagnosis International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) from the World Health Organization ICD-10 more biologically based Published in 1993

6. Diagnosis DSM - IV in 1994 –Multiaxial System I: Mental disorders II: Mental retardation or personality disorders III: General medical conditions IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)

7. Methods of Clinical Assessment Psychological Assessment –Clinical interviews –Psychological tests –Behavioral and cognitive assessment

8. Methods of Assessment Biological Assessment –Brain imaging CT scan MRI scan –Neurochemical assessment –Neuropsychological assessment –Psychophysiological assessment

9. Reliability and Validity Types of reliability –General concept of intercorrelation –range between -1.00 to 1.00, tendency around 0 Subtypes of reliability tests –interrater (kappa coefficient) –test-retest –alternative form –internal consistency

10. Reliability and Validity Validity –The degree to which an assessment is measuring what we intended to measure Types of validity –Concurrent or descriptive –Predictive –Construct

11. Cultural Diversity There have been demonstrations of variations in diagnostic practices between cultural groups In contrast, there is little or no evidence that the relative incidence or the general manifestation of mental disorders varies across cultures