1. Emmanuel Goldstein’s The Theory and Practices of Oligarchical Collectivism – Oligarchical Collectivism: the political principle of centralized social and economic control based on a small group – Basic class levels throughout recent history: High Class (who wish to remain high) Middle Class (who wish to change places with high) Low Class (who wish to develop a society based on equality) – When the Middle Class works to overthrow the High class, it enlists the Low to achieve its goals, then pushes the Low back to their place

2. – Socialism gained popularity among the superstates – Socialist movements among the superstates turned into totalitarian rule Oceania – Ingsoc (English socialism) Eurasia – Neo-Bolshevism Eastasia – “Death-worship” or “Obliteration of the Self” - All countries have an inner party, a Party, a prole structure, and worship leaders The three nations keep their respective populaces preoccupied with a constant border war This preserves power of the High Class – dependent on them

3. The war never advances significantly – no two allied nations can defeat the third – Too evenly matched “When war becomes literally continuous, it also ceases to be dangerous…technical progress can cease and the most palpable facts can be denied or disregarded.” War is more of a fact of life that enables ruling powers to keep masses ignorant of life in other places – “War is Peace” The Superstate populations are kept “bare, hungry, and dilapidated” compared to how they lived before the Revolution (stretched to the bone preparing for, and covering, the war)

4. Scientists no longer pursue knowledge alone – they study facial expressions to detect thoughtcrime Little development in weaponry The people have NO WAY of knowing the true state of the world – must rely on Party

5. Society embraced concepts such as “imprisonment without trial, the use of war prisoners as slaves, public executions [and] torture.” Goldstein blames the invention of the television for the complete loss of privacy and the drastic increase in domestic spying – Allows superstates to develop and maintain complete uniformity in opinion 4 dangers to a ruling regime: – Being conquered from the outside – Suffering from inefficient government leading to revolt – Permitting a strong and independent Middle Group to develop – Losing self-confidence and willingness to govern