2. “Last” West (1860’s-1900) I.Intro II.Railroads A.Funding B.Corruption & Labor C.Completion (1869) III.Free Land IV.Indians A.Federal Policy Assimilation B.Reactions Key Terms Pacific Railway Act Homestead Act Sand Creek Dawes Act Ghost Dance Wounded Knee

3. Pacific Railway Act (1862) 1.Union Pacific & Central Pacific RR could oversee construction of the transcontinental RR 2.The companies received 10 (later 20) Sections of land for each mile of track built 1 Section = 1 Square Mile The Railroad would have NEVER been built so quickly without the government subsidies 3.The companies received between $16,000-48,000 in loans for each mile of track built

4. Corruption What is the shortest distance between two points…? Some surveyors were corrupt

5. Labor Shortages Central Pacific- Chinese were recruited; later Mormon followers Union Pacific-Irish immigrants, former slaves & Civil War veterans Chinese Grocers in San Francisco Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

6. Completion Of Transcontinental RR Promontory Point, UT (1869) A trip that had once taken 4-6 months might now take 5-6 days Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. Power Of Railroads (Time Zones In 1883) Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 3 4 2

8. Railroads & Buffalo

9. Homestead Act (1862) 1.Adults could select 160 acres of surveyed, unclaimed land 2.The land had to be occupied for five years & “improved” 3.After five years the land was their own for a nominal fee

10. Precipitation Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

11. Clearing A Field Of Grasshoppers

12. Impact Of Homestead Act Allowed over 400,000 families to become landowners! Problems… In order to be successful farmers, people needed additional money (at least $1,000) Railroads provided transportation to “sod-busters” Image Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

13. Major Indian/White Clashes

14. Dawes Act (1887) 1.Each Indian head of household received 160 acres of land to farm or 320 acres for grazing 2.Additional family members received 40 acres 3.Participation was mandatory Government’s Goal: Assimilation (eliminate reservations) As a result 2/3 of all tribal land was lost between 1890-1930

15. Religious Movement: Ghost Dance (1880s) All whites would die, dead Indians & buffalo would return to earth, if Indians: Wovoka a)Lived together in peace b)Abandoned “white” influences c)Danced a particular dance…

16. Ghost Dance & Wounded Knee 1.Ghost Dance was outlawed among Sioux in South Dakota & tension increased on reservation 2.Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) a)About 300 Indians killed b)29 US Soldiers killed

17. The Bodies Of Indian Dead At Wounded Knee

18. “Last” West (1860’s-1900) I.Intro II.Railroads A.Funding B.Corruption & Labor C.Completion (1869) III.Free Land IV.Indians A.Federal Policy Assimilation B.Reactions Key Terms Pacific Railway Act Homestead Act Sand Creek Dawes Act Ghost Dance Wounded Knee