1. CH. 3 ~ CELLS

2. Cell Membrane 1.Surrounds ALL cells 2.Has a “Phospholipid bilayer” which makes it “flexible and “fluid”

3. Cell Membrane “Phospholipid bilayer” - Phosphate ‘head’ (polar- hydrophillic) -2 Lipid ‘tails’ (nonpolar- hydrophobic)

4. Cell Membrane 3.Semi-permeable – only allows certain substances to pass through 4.Contains proteins- some used for identification and some for transport (that help to pass materials through). Pics-Alpha/Beta Proteins- Text- p112 With a Hydrophobic Middle… how does Water get through?

5. Aquaporins The membrane possesses integral proteins; water transport integral proteins are called aquaporins. Serves as a water-filled pipe across the membrane. Osmosis: Passive movement of water across a membrane Two Ways: Diffusion and bulk flow (aquaporins) Dehydr..ADH/post pit…add aquaporins-Kidney/retain H 2 O

6. Transport of materials into and out of the cell Passive Transport – movement of molecules that does not require energy. –Usually from high concentration to lower concentration ex. Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion Active Transport – movement of molecules that requires energy. –Usually from low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient) ex. Pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis

7. Review of Terms: Equilibrium – when 2 given areas have the same concentration of molecules. Concentration Gradient – the difference in concentration of molecules in 2 given areas. Defines HOW molecules will move, if going WITH the concentration gradient (from high to low = passive transport) or AGAINST it (from low to high = requires energy = active transport

8. Passive Transport: 1. Diffusion – movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. Demos:Dye in Water Sugar Cube

9. Passive Transport: 2. Osmosis – diffusion of water Demo: Raisin in Water 3. Facilitated diffusion – passive transport of materials across a cell membrane using protein channels or carriers. (aka “Transport Proteins” Increases the Rate of diffusion

10. Facilitated Diffusion (TEXT: p 120- Example: Transport of Glucose) Demo: Golf Ball: Bind, Change Shape, Release…Both In & Out Protein Channels Carrier Proteins

11. Facilitated Diffusion Increases the rate of diffusion Similar to simple diffusion in the sense that it is diffusion (across a membrane) from a high concentration to a lower concentration. However, this time the rate of diffusion is greatly accelerated by the action of membrane proteins that act as carrier molecules and aid in diffusion. http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/transport1.html

12. P/S-Notepage

13. Pictures of Passive and Active Transport Using a Protein Pump Using a Protein Channel Energy Added

14. Active Transport: Pumps Type of active transport Move molecules from an area of LOW concentration to an area of HIGH concentration One example: the Na-K Pump (Sodium-Potassium) Requires Energy

15. ACTIVE: Na-K Pump (See diagram- back of notes….Ex: Basketball Pump) *ONE Pump: does 450:300 Sodium OUT:Potassium IN every SECOND Na+ binds, ATP > ADP Protein changes shape Na+ (3) released from cell, K+ binds K+ binds (2), releases another P Shape change to original, release of K+ K+ released, ready for Na+

16. Active: Endocytosis and Exocytosis http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/transport1.html *Notepage

17. ACTIVE Endocytosis Intake of material (food) using the cell membrane Cell membrane surrounds material and encloses it – forming a vesicle/vacuole. Phagocytosis “cell eating” (WBC) Pinocytosis “cell drinking”

18. Amoeba Eating White Blood Cell (WBC) engulfing bacteria

19. ACTIVE Exocytosis Removal of material (waste) from a cell. Golgi Apparatus “packages” the material into a vesicle and sends it to the cell membrane The vesicle fuses with the membrane The material is deposited outside the cell

20. Exocytosis

21. Electron Micrograph of Exocytosis This figure was taken from Alberts et al, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing Third Edition, 1994

22. PASSIVE ACTIVE NO ENERGY Diffusion of perfume, food coloring Osmosis Facilitated diffusion –Protein channels –Carrier proteins ENERGY Exocytosis –GA packages and secretes wastes Endocytosis –Membrane surrounds and engulfs food, etc. (Amoeba) Pumps –Sodium-Potassium

23. There are 3 types of osmotic solutions *Solute, Solvent, Solution Osmosis, Equilibrium/No Net Flow Isotonic - equilibrium Hypertonic – there is a greater concentration of solute (ie, salt, the ‘stuff’) in the solution than in the cell Hypotonic – there is a greater concentration of solute (ie, salt, the ‘stuff’) in the cell then in the fluid around the cell

24. Whenever solutes (dissolves substances) are added to water, they decrease the number of free water molecules; more solute molecules, fewer free water molecules LESS Solute outside MORE Solute outside EQUAL Solute outside ?

25. Osmosis in Red Blood Cells

26. Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells in Osmotic Solutions What is the major differences between what happens in plant and animal cells when placed in a hypotonic solution? Diffusion and Osmosis Khan Academy 18.59

27. Secondary Cell Wall From the adjoining cell- DO NOT DRAW on diagram of ONE CELL Primary Cell Wall The ONE line to have in your drawing Cell Mambrane After Plasmolysis Onion Cell PLASMOLYSIS

28. DIALYSIS DEMO The small molecules of water and iodine moved from an area of high concentration, outside the cell, to an area of low concentration inside the cell in order to try to reach equilibrium. The large molecules of starch were not able to diffuse and reach equilibrium because they were too large to pass through the semi-permeable membrane.

29. Potential to move…. Pressure to keep out….

30. Hypoosmotic Hyperosmotic Water Molecule Hydration Shell Semi-Permeable OP vs WP Low OP,High WP High OP,Low WP

31. Hydration Shells: Water molecules surrounding solutes A B -3 -7

32. Plants & water potential The combined effects of 1.) solute concentration 2.) physical pressure (cell wall) can be measured as Water Potential   = psi  is measured in megapascals (MPa) 1 Mpa = 10 atmospheres of pressure

33. Calculating Solute potential Need solute concentration Use the equation  S = - iCRT i = # particles molecule makes in water C = Molar concentration R = pressure constant 0.0831 liter bar mole o K T = temperature in degrees Kelvin = 273 + o C (25)

34. Solve for water potential Solve for water potential (literal equation) Knowing solute potential, water potential can be calculated by inserting values into the water potential equation.  =  P +  S In an open container (or animal cell),  P = 0

35. Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Bozeman 7.46 Water Potential Explained- powerpoint