1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم

2. Sarcocystis:

3. Sarcocystis 1-These organisms are parasites of carnivorous definitive hosts (dogs, specifically) and herbivorous intermediate hosts, rodents - S. hominis S. Suihominis 2-Epidemiology & Geographical Distribution.

4. Sarcocystis: 3- Life -Cycle

6. Toxoplasma:

7. Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasma gondii Morphology Epidemiology

15. Laboratory Diagnosis: 1-bronchoalveolar lavage material from immunocompromised patients, or lymph node biopsy. 2-Isolation of parasites from blood or other body fluids, by intraperitoneal inoculation into mice or tissue culture. The mice should be tested for the presence of Toxoplasma organisms in the peritoneal fluid 6 to 10 days post inoculation; if no organisms are found, serology can be performed on the animals 4 to 6 weeks post inoculation. 3-Detection of parasite genetic material by PCR, especially in detecting congenital infections in utero. 4-Serologic testing is the routine method of diagnosis, because the techniques described above are technically complex and generally not rewarding.

16. Treatment: Treatment is not needed for a healthy person who is not pregnant. Symptoms will usually go away within a few weeks. Treatment may be recommended for pregnant women or persons who have weakened immune systems. See recommendations in The Medical Letter (Drugs for Parasitic Infections) for complete information.The Medical Letter

17. PJP(PCP): Pneumocystis jiroveci (previously classified as Pneumocystis carinii) was previously classified as a protozoa. Currently, it is considered a fungus based on nucleic acid and biochemical analysis. Geographic Distribution: Worldwide, in humans and animals. Serologic evidence indicates that most healthy children have been exposed by age 3 to 4. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) occurs in immunosuppressed individuals and in premature, malnourished infants.

18. Life Cycle:

20. Clinical Features: The symptoms of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) include dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and fever. Chest radiography demonstrates bilateral infiltrates. Extrapulmonary lesions occur in a minority (<3%) of patients, involving most frequently the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Typically, in untreated PCP increasing pulmonary involvement leads to death. Laboratory Diagnosis: The specific diagnosis is based on identification of P. jiroveci in bronchopulmonary secretions obtained as induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) material. In situations where these two techniques cannot be used, transbronchial biopsy or open lung biopsy may prove necessary. Microscopic identification of P. jiroveci trophozoites and cysts is performed with stains that demonstrate either the nuclei of trophozoites and intracystic stages (such as Giemsa) or the cyst walls (such as the silver stains). In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies can identify the organisms with higher sensitivity than conventional microscopy. Giemsasilver stains

21. Treatment: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice. Recommended alternatives include pentamidine; trimethoprim plus dapsone*; atovaquone; and primaquine* plus clindamycin*. See recommendations in The Medical Letter (Drugs for Parasitic Infections) for complete information.The Medical Letter

22. Malaria 1 1-Healthy Important 2-Prevalence,Incidences & Epidemiology

24. Malaria 2 1-Plasmodium(Plasmodium) A-Plasmodium(P).vivax B-Plasmodium(P).ovale C-Plasmodium(P).malariae 2-Plasmodium(Laverania) Plasmodium(L).falciparum

26. Malaria 3: Life-Cycle

28. Babsia:

30. LEISHMANIASIS 1 : 1-Healthy Important 2-Epidemiology

32. Leishmaniasis 2 : 1-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis A-Urban CL B-Rural CL

33. Leishmaniasis 3:3: 2-Visceral Leishmaniasis

34. 4: 3-Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis