1. © Oxford University Press España S.A., 2012 Unit 9 Early civilisations

2. What do we know?

3. The first civilisations What are the people in this painting doing? What other economic activities did people in the first civilisations do?

4. Mesopotamia Name three Mesopotamian kingdoms. Why did Mesopotamian civilisation emerge in this region?

5. The history of Mesopotamia What do you know about the Sumerians? How did Sumerian rule end?

6. Life and culture in Mesopotamia Where did Mesopotamian people live? What activities are the Mesopotamian people in the image doing?

7. Mesopotamian society Which social groups appear in each level of the painting? What do you think life was like for each of these social groups?

8. Religion What can you see in the image? What were the religious beliefs of the Mesopotamians?

9. Architecture and art Describe what you see in the image? What other types of buildings did the Mespotamians build?

10. Ancient Egypt Why was the Nile so important for Ancient Egyptians? What were the differences between Upper and Lower Egypt?

11. Ancient Egyptian history What did the Ancient Egyptians use pyramids for? In which period of Ancient Egyptian history were the Giza pyramids built?

12. Ancient Egyptian history In which period of Ancient Egyptian history did Ramesses III rule? What were the characteristics of this period?

13. Life and culture in Ancient Egypt What activities are the people in the image doing? Which different social groups can you see in the image?

14. Women in Ancient Egypt What rights did Ancient Egyptian women have? Which social group do you think the women in the image belonged to?

15. Architecture and art Which parts of the temple can you see in this image? What was the function of each of these parts?

16. What have we learned? The birth of the first civilisations The birth of the first civilisations The first cities and two great civilisations emerged: Egypt and Mesopotamia The institutions of government and public administration appeared Mesopotamia It developed beside the rivers Tigris and Euphrates Formed by the regions of: Assyria, Akkad, Sumer Society: the king, and his family, the ruling caste, other free people and slaves They were polytheists and believed in life after death They built palaces, temples and ziggurats with adobe

17. What have we learned? Egypt Society: the pharaoh (god and king at the same time), the ruling caste, other free people and slaves They were polytheists and believed in life after death They constructed temples and tombs (mastabas, pyramids and hypogea) They worked in agriculture, livestock, craftwork and trade History: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, the New Kingdom and the Late Period It grew up beside the River Nile