1. Immigration

2. Definitions
Migration – process of moving from one place to another to live
Immigrant – someone who comes to a new place to live
Emigrant – someone who leaves a place to live somewhere else
Example: Pedro emigrated from Spain. Pedro immigrated to France.

3. Types Long-term – at least 12 months (usually for permanent residence)
Short-term – at least 3 months (usually for seasonal work)
Migration does not include:
Vacations – Business trips
Visiting friends/relatives – Medical trips
Student visas/exchange – Religious pilgrimages

4. Reasons Push & Pull factors Usually travel short distances Economic
Jobs, pay, quality of life, poverty, population growth/decline, available land
Cultural
Family, marriage, crime, education
Forced – slavery, war, persecution, dictatorships, genocide
Refugees – forced out & cannot return; must be admitted to another country
Environmental
Climate, water, natural disasters, disease
Usually travel short distances

5. Typical Migrant Male Young Travel without kids Family will join later
Increase in number of women and children migrating from Mexico to U.S.

6. Where do they go?
Most immigrants to U.S. come from Latin America (Mexico, Central America, Caribbean) or Asia (China, India, Vietnam)
From Mexico – to border states (TX, CA, AZ)
From Cuba – to FL
From Puerto Rico – to NY
From Asia – to CA or NY
Chain migration – typically settle near others in family or from same country

7. U.S. Immigration History
2 million Europeans (mostly Great Britain)
650,000 Africans (slavery)
(N & W Europe)
Up to 250,000 per year
Mostly from Ireland & Germany
(N & W Europe)
Up to 500,000 per year
Mostly from Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden

9. U.S. Immigration History
(S & E Europe)
Up to 1 million per year
Mostly from Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary
7 million total from Asia
13 million total from Latin America
U.S. has changed – no longer booming economically or filled with lots of cheap farmland

10. Undocumented Immigrants
Desire for immigration > amount allowed
Estimated 11.7 million illegal immigrants (2013) – 6 million from Mexico
400,000 deportations per year since 2009
About 8 million are employed
Farming, cleaning, construction, food service
Methods
Enter legally as worker, student, tourist & don’t leave
Slip across border
U.S.-Mexico border is 2,000 miles long
Often purchase forged documents

12. Current Quotas
Quota (maximum limit) of 675,000 immigrants per year, excluding refugees
480,000 limit for family reunification
140,000 limit for permanent employment
Priority given to talented, educated, skilled, or wealthy
Temporary/seasonal workers are not included but may have a separate quota
Refugee quota at 70,000

13. http://www. immigrationpolicy

14. Definitions
Citizen – a person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization the protection and rights of a state or nation
Legal Permanent Resident – a person with documented permission to live in a state or country
Naturalization – the process of becoming a citizen

15. How do you become a citizen?
Birthright
Born in the U.S., its territories, or on a U.S. public vessel (such as a ship)
Born to a U.S. citizen in another country
Both parents are citizens and 1 has lived in U.S. before
1 parent is a citizen and lived in U.S. for at least 10 years, with 5 continuous years between age 14-28

16. How do you become a citizen?
Naturalization
At least 18 years old
Legal Permanent Resident for at least 5 years (4 if refugee, 3 if married to citizen)
Good moral character
Demonstrate ideals of Constitution
Able to read, write, speak, understand English
Basic knowledge of U.S. history, government, principles
Swear oath of allegiance
Pass a citizenship test
Granted by act of Congress (new territory)
Children under 16 automatic if both parents are naturalized

17. 2008 Redesigned Citizenship Test
Civics Test
Asked 10 questions (out of 100 possible)
60% correct or better
American Government
Integrated Civics
American History
English Test
Oral (speaking)
Reading
Writing