1. Learning Styles and the Classroom 指導教授 : 陳明溥 博士 研 究 生 : 王麗君 More, A. J. (1993). Learning Styles and the Classroom. British Columbia Univ., Vancouver., 28.

2. Introduction Identify the learning styles of individual learners Match teaching styles to for difficult learning tasks Strengthen weaker learning styles for easier learning tasks and in drill and practice Teach learning style selection strategies

3. Learning Styles 1. Learning Styles Definition - Learning styles are the mental processes and instructional settings a student uses most effectively while learning. 2.Five categorized: (1) Global - Analytical (2) Verbal – Imaginal (3) Concrete - Abstract (4) Trial/Error/Feedback – Reflective (5) Modality

4. Behavioral indicators of Learning Styles (1) Global – Analytical -Global: a. present overall concept first. b. emphasize overview or introduction. c. need to learn in a meaningful context. -Analytical: (sequential) a. learning task is presented in small parts and gradually built up to the whole. b. information must be presented in careful sequence.

5. Behavioral indicators of Learning Styles (2)Verbal – Imaginal -Verbal: a. learns best from dictionary style definitions. b. seldom explains using similes or metaphors. - Imaginal: a. learns best from images (concrete or abstract ), symbols, diagrams or metaphor. (3)Concrete - Abstract - Concrete: learn best if examples are presented first followed by concept or principle. -Abstract: learn best if concept or principle is presented first, then examples.

6. Behavioral indicators of Learning Styles (4)Trial/Error/Feedback – Reflective - Trial/Error/Feedback: a: prefers to respond quickly (knowing the answer may not be completely correct), expecting to learning from feedback to the response. b: responds more impulsively but relies on feedback. c: responds quickly but makes more errors. - Reflective: a: watch-then-do, think-then-do, listen-then-do. b: learns better from thinking through the answer very carefully and completely. (5)Modality a: hearing, seeing, touching, other.

7. Types of learning styles Cognitive processes Instructional setting 1. Cooperative – Competitive 2. Individual – Group 3. Adult – Peer 4. Formal – Informal 5. Type of Humor 6. Warm – Cold Teacher 7. High – Low Demand Climate 8. Active – Receptive Physical Setting 1.Desk arrangement 2. Temperature 3. Light Level 4. Time of day

8. Characteristics of Learning Styles Learning styles are continuums, spectrums. If learning styles are learned or innate? -learning styles are learned and used unconsciously. The “best “ learning style? -the learning style strengths of the learner -the nature of the learning task Ex: 1.4625.91 divided by 91.9 -- Analytic 2. Language Arts ---Global 3. ride a bicycle --- Trial/Error/Feedback

9. Definitions relating Learning Styles and Teaching Styles Learning: The acquisition of knowledge, skill and understanding. Learning Styles: The usual, or stronger, process an individual uses in learning. Teaching: Providing a situation in which learning may occur. Teaching Styles: Providing a teaching situation in which a particular learning style in emphasized.

10. Steps for classroom use: 1. Identify the learning styles of individual learners -The scale is based on classroom behaviors which teachers can readily observe. 2. Match teaching styles to for difficult learning tasks -The guideline (difficult learning task)/ variety of teaching styles 3. Strengthen weaker learning styles for easier learning tasks and in drill and practice -practice with success / present easier learning tasks 4. Teach learning style selection strategies -self-confidence and self esteem