2. ENVS 201 Spring Quarter 2012 Northwest Indian College Welcome to Northwest Plants

3. Plant Parts stems roots leaves flowers fruits seeds vegetative organs: reproductive components:

4. Today: Stems

5. above ground axis of vascular plants, as well as anatomically similar below ground portions (e.g., rhizomes, bulbs & corms) trunks & branches are stems may be photosynthetic (e.g., cacti) may store food (in some species) etc. Stem Features & Functions

6. node (region where leaves may be borne) internode (region between nodes) apical (or terminal) bud (at tip of stem) axillary (or lateral) bud (in axil, on side of stem) flower bud bud scale & bud scale scar epidermis, bark lenticels (in some species, also in some roots, fruits, etc.) Stem Regions & Other Features

7. leafy branch (silver maple), showing nodes, internodes and buds)

8. silver maple with buds apical (terminal) bud lateral buds

9. flower buds (silver maple)

10. stems of silver maple with bud scales, bud scale scars, bark & lenticels

11. leaf scar (site of leaf abscission) vascular bundle scar stipular spine (in some species, e.g., black locust) Stem Features Associated with Leaves

12. silver maple leaf scar and vascular bundle scars

13. black locust stipular spines

14. stolon (runner) - aerial, horizontal, often root at nodes (e.g., strawberry) rhizome - +/- horizontal, underground (e.g., bamboo, irises, ferns) tuber - end of underground stem, fleshy, food storage (e.g., potato) corm - shortened, usu. below ground, enclosed by dry scalelike leaves (e.g., gladiolus) Stem Modifications

15. stolon (Fragaria, strawberry)

16. rhizome (Polypodium, fern)

17. tuber (Solanum, potato)

18. corm (Gladiolus)

19. bulb - short, underground stem with fleshy leaf bases (e.g., onion) cladophyll (also: cladode, phylloclad) - leaflike stem (e.g., cactus) tendril - long, slender, coiling stem (e.g., grape) in climbing plants (or a leaf or other structure in other species) thorn - hard, sharp-pointed, modified branch (e.g., honey locust) prickle - sharp-pointed superficial outgrowth (e.g., Rubus) spur (spur branch/shoot, or short shoot) - short stem on a branch with very short internodes (e.g., ginkgo) Stem Modifications (continued)

20. bulb (Allium, onion)

21. cladophyll (Opuntia, prickly pear)

22. tendril (Vitis, grape)

23. thorn (Gleditsia, honey locust)

24. prickle (Rubus)

25. spur branch or shoot Ginkgo Betula (birch)

26. vascular cambium - thin region of cells that give rise to (secondary) xylem, (secondary phloem) and parenchyma cork cambium (phellogen) - thin region of cells that give rise to phellum (cork) outwardly and phelloderm inwardly Stem Anatomy—Lateral Meristems

27. vascular cambium (Tilia) cambial zone—>

28. cork cambium (Tilia) <—cambial region

29. xylem (wood) - main water- & mineral- transporting tissue (in vascular plants) phloem - main food-conducting tissue (in vascular plants) periderm (bark) everything outside vascular cambium: phelloderm, phellogen & phellum (bark sometimes said to also include secondary phloem) Stem Anatomy— Tissues

30. “sap” - edible region from vascular cambium outward, including cambial cells, phloem and possibly some phelloderm (inner layer of the bark); mainly the softest parts (e.g., of cottonwood) “inner bark” - region possibly as described above (e.g., of red cedar) Stem Anatomy— Cultural Considerations

31. stem (3-year-old, Tilia)

32. Questions & Comments?

33. Stemsarecool.

34. Hy’shqe!