2. Bird Eyes - Size

3. 2 3 Visual Acuity

4. Eyelids 6

5. 4 Tear Glands

6. Outer Eye: Ossicles 8 Great Horned Owl

7. Outer Eye: Sclera and Choroid Fig. 4-38 in Podulka et al. 2004

8. Inner Eye: Vitrous Chamber Fig. 7-1 in Gill 2007

9. Pecten

10. Inner Eye: Pecten Fig. 7-3 in Gill 2007 HYPOTHESIZED.. Eye Temperature Regulation Glare Reduction Sextent Nutrition Oxygen Dark Mirror for Viewing Sun ESTABLISHED.. Vascularized

11. Lens 10 Fig. 4-38 in Podulka et al. 2004

12. 9 Anterior and Posterior Chambers

13. Retina Fig. 4-38 in Podulka et al. 2004

14. Rods and Cones Fig. 4-38 in Podulka et al. 2004

15. Color Vision (Mammals)Color Vision + Near UV (Birds) Color Perception

16. Importance of Near UV Radiation Perception 21 22 23 24

17. Synapses of Rods, Cones with Sensory Neuron Axons (Blind Spots)

18. Fovea Figs. 4-38, 4-44 in Podulka et al. 2004

19. Tapetum Lucidum 17 18 19 Poor Will

20. Accomodation: Lens Fig. 4-40 in Podulka et al. 2004

21. Fig. 7-1 in Gill 2007 Accomodation: Cornea (Crampton’s Muscle)

22. 20 Rapid Accomodation

23. Myopia 13

24. 15 Monocular Vision American Woodcock

25. 16 Binocular Vision

26. Fig. 4-41 in Podulka et al. 2004 Monocular versus Binocular Vision

27. Frequent Head Turners and Head Bobbers

28. 25 Great Gray Owl Enhanced Binocular Vision

29. Immobile Eyes, Flexible Necks

30. Avian Vision Nictitating Membrane Lacrimal Gland Gland of the Nictitating Membrane Sclera Cornea Choroid Iris Pupil Vitreous Chamber Vitreous Fluid Pecten Lens Collagen Ciliary Body Anterior Chamber Posterior Chamber Aqueous Fluid Retina Blind Spot Optic Nerve Central Fovea Temporal Fovea Rods Cones Tapetum Lucidum Accomodation Crampton’s Muscle Myopia Monocular Vision Binocular Vision

31. Fig. 4-38 in Podulka et al. 2004

32. 1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ostrich_head. jpg/800px-Ostrich_head.jpg 2 http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/santa_barbara_california/images/ red-tailed%20hawk%20hovering.jpg 3 http://www.allpropestmanagement.com/house_mouse_uc.jpg 4 http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/VireoWhiteEyedEye02.jpg 5 http://www.fws.gov/Athens/images/Common_Loon/Common%20Loon.jpg 6 http://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/Photos/Wrens/AMDI7.jpg 7 http://www.lsi.usp.br/~bioinfo/eye/mamaleye.jpg 8 http://www.boneclones.com/images/bc-072_web-lg.jpg 9 http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v21/n1/images/6702163f4.jpg 10 http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/file.php/1605/SK183_1_005i.jpg 11 http://www.cargilltexturizing.com/products/hydrocolloids/xanthan/ cts_prod_hydro_xan_mol-1.gif

33. 12 http://www.ukbirdphotos.wanadoo.co.uk/Raptors/images/Peregrine%20Falcon %20flight%208922.jpg 13 http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/ images/contexts/icy_ecosystems/sci_media/penguin_behaviour/ 5555-4-eng-NZ/penguin_behaviour_full_size_landscape.jpg 14 http://www.ducks.org/media/_global/_images/waterfowlGallery/Hooded %20Merganser.jpg 15 http://www.gatorfarm.com/bMaleBufflehead.jpg 16 http://www.maxwaugh.com/images/zoo05/owl.jpg 17 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calf-Eye- Posterior-With-Retina-Detached-2005-Oct-13.jpg/200px-Calf-Eye-Posterior- With-Retina-Detached-2005-Oct-13.jpg 18 http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Images/LBUN-5K493M/$File/ fox_eyeshine.jpg 19 http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312800/images/poorwill.jpg

34. 20 http://z.about.com/d/birding/1/0/f/p/1/davekull-hungrystarlings.jpg 21 http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/birds/red-wing-2016.jpg 22 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Viburnum_ Berries.jpg/800px-Viburnum_Berries.jpg 23 http://sunkisland.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/female-kestrel.jpg 24 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=96694&rendTypeId=4 25 http://www.themodernapprentice.com/barred_owl.jpg 26 http://www.fws.gov/canaanvalley/CVNWR%20hunting_files/woodcock.jpg