1. Geography 1.2 Using the Geographer’s Tools

2. Organizing the Globe Latitude = Grid Longitude Degrees - 180° Minutes – 60’ Seconds-60”

3. Latitude Parallel East-West Direction Equator

4. Longitude North-South Direction Intersect at the poles Prime Meridian

5. Hemisphere

6. Organization of Earth Divided at the Equator Northern & Southern Hemisphere

7. Organization of Earth Divided at the Prime Meridian Eastern & Western Hemisphere

8. Continents

9. Oceans

10. Map Making Atlas- collection of maps in one book

11. Map Making Map Projections *Distortions

12. Making Maps Map Projections * Cylindrical Projection *Conic Projection *Flat-Plane Projection

13. Map Making Map ProjectionsAdvantagesDisadvantages Cylindrical Used by navigators b/c it shows true direction & shape Exaggerates landmasses at high latitudes Conic Accurate for areas w/ long east-west dimensions Not as accurate for areas that extend mostly north to south Flat-Plane Used by pilots and navigators b/c it shows true direction, area, & sizes Distorts shapes

14. Understanding Map Elements Distance Scales

15. Understanding Map Elements Directional Indicators * Compass Rose

16. Understanding Map Elements Legends

17. Understanding Map Elements Contiguous- connecting or bordering Example: U.S. Map has 50 states *48 contiguous states *Insert of Alaska & Hawaii

18. Special-Purpose Maps Political Map

19. Special-Purpose Maps Climate Maps

20. Special-Purpose Maps Precipitation Maps

21. Special-Purpose Maps Population Maps

22. Special-Purpose Maps Economic Map

23. Graphs & Pyramids Climate Graph

24. Graphs & Pyramids Population Pyramid

25. Special-Purpose Maps Elevation Maps

26. Special-Purpose Maps Topographic Maps