1. I. I.Scientific Method A. A.Terminology & Concepts 1. 1.Proof/Prove 2. 2.Hypothesis 3. 3.Bias 4. 4.Uncertainty

2. I. I.Scientific Method B. B.Process 1. 1.Observation Careful; Include as many parameters as possible Observations  Induction  Question  Hypothesis 2. 2.Question 3. 3.Hypothesis Possible cause Reflect past experience (educated guess) Multiple (consider alternative explanations) Testable Falsifiable 4. 4.Prediction Hypothesis/Principle  Deduction  Prediction 5. 5.Experiment Experimental group, Control group, Replication 6. 6.Results/Interpretation 7. 7.Scientific Theory

3. I. I.Scientific Method C. C.Bias 1. 1.Sampling Bias Our view of the world is conditioned very strongly by the observational methods we use Ex: Counting whales vs. bacteria vs. viruses Methods vary considerably, depending on the temporal and spatial scales of interest Ex: How is global temperature measured? Sea level? 2. 2.Assumptions Important to recognize inherent assumptions Ex: 14 C dating of wooden artifacts Ex: Measurement of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations 3. 3.Paradigms Generally accepted model, conceptual framework or set of belief(s) about a particular topic Ex: Dinosaurs went extinct because of global climate change precipitated by an asteroid Paradigms may not be permanent Can be discarded/replaced by better explanation (paradigm shift) Ex: Heliocentric solar system, continental drift Paradigms may become so entrenched that people ignore contradictory evidence or modify evidence to match paradigm

4. Hansen et al. 2010

7. IPCC 2007

8. We Sioux spend a lot of time thinking about everyday things which in our minds are mixed up with the spiritual. We see in the world around us many symbols that teach us the meaning of life. We Indians live in a world of symbols and images where the spiritual and commonplace are one. We try to understand them not with the head but with the heart. --John Fire Lame Deer

9. Local, Land-Centered Outlook / Center of World Local, Land-Centered Outlook / Center of World Lack of Historical Perspective / Cyclic Time Lack of Historical Perspective / Cyclic Time Immersion in Nature Immersion in Nature Reciprocal Interrelationships Reciprocal Interrelationships Animism (anima = “soul”) / Spiritism Animism (anima = “soul”) / Spiritism High God High God Dreamtime Dreamtime Altered States of Consciousness Altered States of Consciousness Harmony Harmony

10. Shaman Shaman Totem Totem Taboo Taboo Fetish Fetish Omen Omen Divination Divination Rites of Passage and Cosmic Renewal Rites of Passage and Cosmic Renewal Hunting Rituals Hunting Rituals

12. It is critical to understand how notions of conservation and environmental protection are conceptualized and formulated by local communities for successful conservation to occur (26)

13. Berkes urges us to move beyond reductionist visions of ecology by embracing moral perspectives and spiritual aspects often embedded in traditional knowledge systems and local resource management practices (27)